2026-08-05T20:02:36Z https://gsssrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393471 2016-12-30 gsssr

Economic Growth, Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: An Empirical Investigation for SAARC Countries Abida Yousaf Naila Erum Fozia Bibi Environment Pollution Carbon Emissions The study tests the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for SAARC countries by using closed and open economy Models. The Peroni Panel Cointegration technique along with FMOLS estimation techniques have been used for empirical analysis by using the data from 1972-2015. The long run and short run estimates of the closed economy model reveals positive and significant relationship between Per capita GDP, per capita GDP2 and the carbon emissions that deny the existence of EKC. The findings of open economy model signify that FDI not only helps to transfer cleaner technologies, but it enables the producers to use less pollutant technologies for the production purposes. Moreover, an increase in the forest area is helpful for reducing the carbon emissions. Finally, population density and energy consumption are proved significant contributors of carbon emissions. The study suggests that effective policies should be followed for reducing emissions, regulating FDI-environment and per capita GDP environment relationship. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Economics, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Public Policy, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of IR, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/economic-growth-foreign-direct-investment-and-the-environment-an-empirical-investigation-for-saarc-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393472 2017-12-30 gsssr

When States Go Thirsty: A Critical Analysis of Water War Thesis Manzoor Ahmad Adil Khan Muhammad Imran Mehsud Climate Change; Population; Scarcity; Water War Thesis This paper discusses water war thesis. It argues that water war thesis is loosely based on the arguments by different world leaders, and writers which state that the new fault lines between states will be drawn on waters. The basic premise of the water war thesis rests on the argument of water crisis; the demand-supply gap will make states thirsty for water. It asserts that as climate changes unfold and population of the world increases, the thirsty states of the world will vie for water resources which will result in water wars. However, there are different writers who challenge the thesis by arguing that instead of generating conflict, water scarcity will induce cooperation amongst riparian states. This paper mainly focuses on this question of whether water scarcity results in conflict or cooperation. In other words, it offers a critical analysis of the water war thesis Humanity Publications Chairman, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/when-states-go-thirsty-a-critical-analysis-of-water-war-thesis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393473 2019-12-30 gsssr

Smart Power Engagement for Sustainable Human Security in South Asia Muhammad Saqib Muhammad Imran Ashraf Noor Fatima Smart Power Engagement Sustainable Human Security South Asia Human Security is one of the complex challenges in South Asian region which has been continuously neglected by the policymakers due to the lack of state-centric comprehensive tendencies for the regional security paradigms. In this context, this research work attempts to encourage hostile South Asian nation-states to amend their hostile state-centric behaviors towards people-centric approaches for peace and security in the region. Although, the concept of human security is poorly concentrated in the region yet huge potential still exists which can successfully attract the masses for continuous cooperation to deal human security challenges in the region. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the capacities of South Asian nuclear powers India and Pakistan to combine the elements of their soft and hard powers into a smart power strategy to advance their mutual gains for sustainable human security. To explore the potential capabilities of people-centric approaches in India-Pakistan state-centric tendencies, this paper attempts to answer two questions related to smart power engagement potential for developing a winning strategy. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/smart-power-engagement-for-sustainable-human-security-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393474 2019-12-30 gsssr

Beijing Interests in CPEC Ijaz Khalid Syed Umair Jalal Muhammad Usman Ullah China CPEC BRI Interests Political Strategic. The paper investigates the PRC interests being developed in China Pakistan Economic Corridor since long its announcement in 2015. The study also analysis the factors that led to the adoption of policy being chalk out for the joint venture of CPEC. Beijing articulated its interests under the prism of political, security, economic and strategic perspectives. The Western World comprehended Chinese interests in the strategic perspective but Chinese always define it as economic and a win-win game for both the receiver and PRC. The paper concluded that China deep political and strategic interest in CPEC that undermines the interest of many major powers including USA, India and some extent Russia. The study also finds that CPEC has been marked the shortest and safest commercial route to Beijing global trade that cut down fourteen thousand miles of distances while reaching from eastern China to the Arabian Sea. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Junior Research Fellow, Humanity Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/beijing-interests-in-cpec https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393475 2019-12-30 gsssr

China's Growth as Superpower: Implications for US Policies Aftab Alam New Cold War String of Pearl Domino effect Hegemony Containment China United States The rise of China economically, technologically and militarily has become an alarming threat for the superpower of the present century. The US is fighting a new Cold War to retain her hegemony all over the world. The policies of the new Cold War are quite different from those of the old Cold War. First Cold War was an ideological clash between the US and USSR, but the new Cold War is purely the US's ambition to preserve its primacy all over the world. The aim of creating a "New Silk Road" and the strategy against String of Pearls is, in fact, the beginning of a new Cold War. Although the US and China are key trade partners, their competition cannot be unheeded. After 9/11 the politics of the world took a new turn and USA transformed her traditional policies towards major powers. This paper examines and analyse the policies of the US towards a militarily advanced and economic giant of the world like China. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/china-growth-as-superpower-implications-for-us-policies https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393476 2019-12-30 gsssr

Theory and Practice of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Case Study of Balochistan Sheikh Ghulam Jilani Ghulam Mujaddid Insurgency Counterinsurgency Balochistan Pakistan Actions Beliefs and Structures Scott Moore Insurgency is a violent political struggle borne out of grievances in a local community. The phenomenon of insurgency is old and the ways of tackling insurgencies have always been studied with interest. Pakistan has faced sporadic insurgencies in its Balochistan province. This study applies conceptual framework propounded by Scott Moore to Balochistan insurgency and analyzes the complex combination of Actions triggered by varied Beliefs and Structures of the Baloch society. In order to employ effective countermeasures to insurgency, an integrated approach needs to be worked out that seeks to create positive changes in the intertwined dimensions of Actions, Beliefs and Structures. The study finds that such an approach to handle insurgency in Balochistan has generally been successful. And the Baloch society has largely been mainstreamed in the national society and the state of Pakistan. Humanity Publications MPhil. Scholar, FCS. Strategic Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dean, Strategic Studies, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/theory-and-practice-of-insurgency-and-counterinsurgency-the-case-study-of-balochistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393477 2020-03-30 gsssr

Theory and Practice of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Case Study of Balochistan Sheikh Ghulam Jilani Ghulam Mujaddid Insurgency Counterinsurgency Balochistan Pakistan Actions Beliefs and Structures Scott Moore Insurgency is a violent political struggle borne out of grievances in a local community. The phenomenon of insurgency is old and the ways of tackling insurgencies have always been studied with interest. Pakistan has faced sporadic insurgencies in its Balochistan province. This study applies conceptual framework propounded by Scott Moore to Balochistan insurgency and analyzes the complex combination of Actions triggered by varied Beliefs and Structures of the Baloch society. In order to employ effective countermeasures to insurgency, an integrated approach needs to be worked out that seeks to create positive changes in the intertwined dimensions of Actions, Beliefs and Structures. The study finds that such an approach to handle insurgency in Balochistan has generally been successful. And the Baloch society has largely been mainstreamed in the national society and the state of Pakistan. Humanity Publications MPhil. Scholar, FCS. Strategic Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Dean, Strategic Studies, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/theory-and-practice-of-insurgency-and-counterinsurgency-the-case-study-of-balochistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393478 2020-03-30 gsssr

Critical Analysis of Social Constructivism: Myth or Reality for Peace and Security Nazim Rahim Asghar Ali Social Constructivism Realism Liberalism Subjectivity is the mother of all social sciences. There is no universal truth, there is no objective reality and there is no finality in social sciences. Final truth belongs to heaven, not to this world and none of the theories can claim finality or objectivity. Nonetheless, theories try to explain the truth, holding water, either more or less. Theories, highlighting the intrinsic nature of humans [good & bad], the structure of international system (anarchic)or class struggle[bourgeois & proletariat]are both researchable and discernible. Social Constructivism, on the other hand labels all the theories as social constructions and itself constructs an endless desert of ideas, develops absurdity, and makes the truth less accessible and more mythical. Social Constructivism, instead of explaining the truth is making it blurred and doubtful. Instead of ensuring clarity, its own assumptions are constructing a mythical world. This analytical paper critically analyzes the social constructivists' assumptions and their critique on all the established beliefs in general and mainstream perspectives in particular. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Politics & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Politics & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/Critical-Analysis-of-Social-Constructivism-Myth-or-Reality-for-Peace-and-Security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393479 2020-03-30 gsssr

Politics of Protest in Pakistan: Causes and Features of the PTI (2014) Dharna in Islamabad, Pakistan Yaseen Ullah Manzoor Ahmad Syed Wasif Azim Causes Dharna Features Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf Protest Politics. Public protests, agitations and demonstrations are part of the democratic political process. It shapes the polity of a country and transforms social, political and economic aspects. In Pakistan's history, protest or pressure politics has played a significant role. Significant protests in Pakistan have been held against 'election riggings' including the recent one against 2013 general elections (presumably won by Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League N). This present study discusses the recent protest 'popularly called Dharna' staged by Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) under the leadership of the present Prime Minister Imran Khan in Islamabad for 126 days against the alleged rigging of elections of 2013. This empirical study explores the causes of PTI Dharna. It is based on the Primary data collected through a random sample of interviews from students, lawyers and political activists in May-June 2019 in Lahore, Nowshera and Peshawar, Pakistan. We argue that the Dharna has multiple features long continued presence, participation of multiple groups, violence and media coverage. However, the dharna has multiple causes. The significant reason of PTI for staging protest against the Nawaz Shairf was the alleged rigging in the general elections of 2013. Other causes of this dharna are to expose corruption and alleged role of establishment for their vested political interests. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, AWKUM, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/Politics-of-Protest-in-Pakistan-Causes-and-Features-of-the-PTI-2014-Dharna-in-Islamabad-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393480 2020-03-30 gsssr

Future of Jobs and the Challenge of Artificial Intelligence Noor Fatima Farrukh Khan Pitafi Muhammad Imran Ashraf Future of Jobs Artificial Intelligence Political Governance This paper then looks at some important questions. First, does the age of automation and technological transformation often referred to as the fourth industrial revolution pose any threat to human employability? Second, what is the scope of the challenge and how soon should we expect it? Third, what might be the socio-political impact of such displacement around the world?. Fourth, whether there is enough preparedness or at least awareness of the threat posed? Finally, what has been done and can be done to thwart an unemployment apocalypse. The theoretical framework adopted is plain old zero-sum game from game theory. And the entire scope of the study required simple deductive reasoning. An important caveat worth spelling out at the outset is that this piece focuses on the very latest and mostly current developments, therefore in the absence of widely accessible material internet resources have been used for sourcing Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/future-of-jobs-and-the-challenge-of-artificial-intelligence https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393481 2020-03-30 gsssr

Sino-US Antagonism in the South China Sea; Is it the Second Cold War? Tajwar Ali Aftab Alam South China Sea United States China Taiwan Second Cold War South China Sea is a region of interest for both China, US and many other nations. For China, the South China sea is as important as the Caribbean Sea was important for the US in the first Cold War. The US, through small states near the South China Sea like Taiwan, Philippines, and Vietnam and japan spar Chinese hegemony in the region. China is ready to transgress international law when things go against the interests of China in the periphery of the South China Sea. China has created synthetic islands in the South China Sea, and these constructions are viewed ambiguously by the US. The surveillance of US warships in the region and its military support to Taiwan, Philippines and Vietnam evidently depicts the existence of a second Cold War in the region. China’s economy is an export-based economy, and most of the exports of China are sent through the South China Sea. An Apparent Clash of interests between the US and China is visible in the form of a new Cold War in the South China Sea. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of History Zhengzhou University Henan Province PR China. PhD Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/sinous-antagonism-in-the-south-china-sea-is-it-the-second-cold-war https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393482 2020-06-30 gsssr

Trump's Middle East Peace Plan: Prospects and Challenges Aiman Amjad Ali Fozia BiBi Muhammad Imran Ashraf Israeli-Palestine Conflict Biased Approach International Public Opinion Turbulent Middle East Consolidated Muslims. President Trump's Middle East Peace Plan is tilted in favour of Israel. The prime motivation behind it is to put a favourable end to the long-standing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Peace Plan has drawn great global response with those terming the Peace Plan as unreasonable outnumbering those who claim that the Peace Plan is devised to perfection. Despite the negative public opinion, President Trump still happens to be very confident about the prospects of his Peace Plan. The Peace Plan has very conveniently diverted attention from the domestic politics of both, President Trump and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and is thereby, suspected to be a part of another possible political strategy. With a multitude of players in action, this paper shall attempt to draw a comprehensive account of all the prospects of Trump's Middle East Peace Plan. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of International Relations, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/trumps-middle-east-peace-plan-prospects-and-challenges- https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393483 2020-06-30 gsssr

China's Character in Peacekeeping in Africa: A Security and Strategic Concerns Assad Mehmood Khan Nazim Rahim Mian Muhammad Muzaffar Security Strategy Peace keeping China United Nations Missions Africa Our globalized security and strategy are prone to multifaceted encounters moving its constancy. Rapid addition, technical progression, and general communal growth need partypolitical constancy. Thus, state aids in the direction of global security are vital and comfortable. China's aids to US intermediation assignments have long-drawn-out radically during the last period, particularly the African.China wants to make available the worldwide public with a new global building, with the final goal of maintainable peace and growth via an active appointment in mediation projects. This object will amount China's assembly in United Mediation assignments and, based on latest information, find out why most of its mediation personnel are focused on the African soil. The research will also measure the tests and subjects confronted by Chinese workers both on African soil and the global arena. The article concludes China's increasing role in international security and strategy concerns with insinuations on China-African relatives. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University of Science & IT, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/chinas-character-in-peacekeeping-in-africa-a-security-and-strategic-concerns- https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393484 2020-06-30 gsssr

The Role of Domestic Factors in the Formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan (From 2000-2019) Fozia BiBi Abida Yousaf Foreign Policy Prime Minister Public Opinion Parliament Bureaucracy Media The foreign policy process involves many internal and external factors. This paper is mainly focusing on some important domestic factors in the formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan. Due to Parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister plays a significant role at home and abroad. However, due to the complexity of the foreign policy formulation it also involves President, Foreign Minister, and Parliament along with Prime Minister. However, the role of public opinion and media is also important in this regard. Moreover, foreign policy decisions are also influenced and affected by the responses of public and media. Islamic Republic of Pakistan is an ideological State and ideology also plays a key role in the formulation of the foreign policy. The Islamic ideology provides the foundations of foreign policy of Pakistan since independence. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, NDU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-domestic-factors-in-the-formulation-of-foreign-policy-of-pakistan-from-20002019 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393485 2020-06-30 gsssr

USA's Pivot to Asia and China's Global Rebalancing through BRI Inam Ullah Muhammad Imran Ashraf Noor Fatima USA China Great Power Politics Pivot to Asia Indo-Pacific Geopolitical Geo-Economic Diplomatic Strategic Security Quad Multilateralism Since the announcement of "US pivot to Asia" and "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI), both remained a center of debate in international politics both regional and global, policy making, academia, news both print and electronic media. Many people including academic experts, researchers, have written about USA pivot to Asia and BRI initiative from different perspectives. This research paper as an attempt to bring the understanding of the complexity of networked relationships between the two major powers the US and China. Moreover, attempts have been made to explore the notion of BRI and AIIB that whether it will be prone or not towards the US "Pivot to Asia" policy especially in the vast Indo Pacific region. The paper contains the significance of the Indo-Pacific region and illustrates that how the region has been using as a center for great power politics. Why the US maximize its sphere of influence and how China respond into the US interplay? Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/usas-pivot-to-asia-and-chinas-global-rebalancing-through-bri https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393486 2020-06-30 gsssr

Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Challenges February 2020: A Case of United States and Taliban Shehnaz Bibi Noor Fatima Peace Agreement Conflict Security Terrorism Negotiation Forces Afghanistan Afghanistan remained the battleground for a long time period for number of strategic wars by external forces. Diverse and multifaceted Afghan society paved the way for external forces. Several negotiations were held for making the peace in country. Many peace agreements failed because the conflict was not addressed. There is a need to reach beyond the use of military force and to apply inclusive approach by involving the civil society in peace building. It is recognized as a crucial factor in the success of peace process. After more than 18 years of war, the US and the Taliban have reached an agreement to end the war. The central deal for the agreement is to withdrawal of US troops and counter terrorism assurance from Taliban. This study digs out, the factors involved in Afghan conflict and their demands from the peace process. The study relies on secondary sources to develop arguments. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Science and IR, Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan. Acting Chairperson, Department Political Science & IR, Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/comprehensive-peace-agreement-and-challenges-february-2020-a-case-of-united-states-and-taliban https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393487 2020-09-30 gsssr

US Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan: Editorial Treatment of US & Pakistani Press Ahmed Zuhair Khan Tanveer Hussain Ashraf Iqbal Foreign Policy Pak-US Relationship Trump Administration Policymakers Military Assistance Frenemy This research has been designed to investigate US foreign policy towards Pakistan.It has been summarized while analyzing the US foreign policy towards Pakistan vis-a-vis US-Pak relations before and after Trump being elected as President, the US' shift in policy towards Pakistan might not be as drastic for the Pakistani as public statements of the Trump administration propose, because the prospect of treating Pakistan as an enemy is such a frightening one that most American policymakers would rather avoid it than confront it with real seriousness. In current circumstances, it is likely that the US will treat Pakistan as what is colloquially called a "frenemy". However, reductions in military assistance and downgrading of Pakistan's status as a major non-NATO ally are still a possibility. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. In charge / Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/us-foreign-policy-towards-pakistan-editorial-treatment-of-us-pakistani-press https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393488 2020-09-30 gsssr

Non-Military Confidence Building Measures and their Failure in Indo-Pak History (2001-2019) Areeja Syed CBMs Aman ki Asha Agra Summit Composite Dialogue Societal CBMs Negative Peace In international relations, an act of demonstrating cooperation and goodwill with an adversary is known as the Confidence-Building measure. The motive behind these measures is to alleviate misapprehension, tension, fear, and angst between two or multiple parties by emphasizing trust and restricting acceleration in a conflict. India and Pakistan share a prolonged history of mistrust and animosity. The repercussions of this acrimonious relations are profound and extensive. In the past, numerous measures have been initiated by both states to stabilize peace and rekindle the mutual working relationships. To accomplish the challenging task, numerous non-military CBMs have also been initiated from both sides intermittently. However, none of them delivered the desired outcomes and successfully triggered confidence as anticipated. Therefore, in this article, the author delves into finding out the fundamental reasons for the failure of these CBMs between India and Pakistan held in 2001 - 2019. Humanity Publications MS, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/nonmilitary-confidence-building-measures-and-their-failure-in-indopak-history-20012019 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393489 2020-09-30 gsssr

Economic Relations between Pakistan and India: Impressions from the Past and Prospects for Future Tahir Ashraf Bilateral Trade Pakistan-India Relations SAARC Regionalism Gravity-Model. Pakistan and India have failed to establish substantial and sustained economic relations between them. Despite being neighbours, they couldn't enjoy a good volume of bilateral trade in multiple sectors. This study traces the history of bilateral trade between Pakistan and India. While identifying patterns of trade between them, the study attempts to identify barriers in bilateral trade between them like trade regimes, non-tariff barriers and other discriminatory measures. The study also makes an attempt to address the question concerning how the impediments in bilateral trade can be removed to enhance bilateral trade and economic connections. On the basis of interviews of Key Informants (KIs), this study explores the potential of bilateral trade between Pakistan and India and finds possible sectors where bilateral trade can be augmented. Lastly, this study finds possible sectors where Pakistan and India can initiate joint ventures to seek win-win approach in bilateral economic relations. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-dynamics-of-the-pakistanindia-economic-relations-impressions-from-the-past-and-prospects-for-future https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393490 2020-09-30 gsssr

Piracy and Maritime Terrorism; Serious Perils to Sea Security Khalil Ur Rahman Khan Legal Framework Maritime Security Maritime Terrorism Nexus Piracy Regional & International Cooperation Threats In today's global environment, security concerns are posturing grave and animated challenges towards domestic as well as global stability. Two particular issues, piracy and maritime terrorism, are one of the modern challenges having worldwide bearing on maritime trade and security. The huge and mostly uncontrolled maritime zone permits pirates and terrorists to achieve their ulterior motives. To device effective countermeasures against them, it must be defined whether or not a nexus is forming between pirates and terrorists as the matching physiognomies make it perplexing to divergent them away from each other. The research paper examines the manifestation of piracy and maritime terrorism, the existing national/ international legal framework on the matter and practices adopted worldwide to address the issue. By appraising the legal instruments, copious useful recommendations are presented to enhance their effectiveness in fighting piracy and maritime terrorism from intimidating the safety of the seafaring trade and security. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar, Department of Law, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/piracy-and-maritime-terrorism-serious-perils-to-sea-security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393491 2020-09-30 gsssr

The Mughal Administration of Justice: An Appraisal Bakht Munir Mughals Administration Subcontinent Justice India Pakistan In the history of the Indian subcontinent, the claims that the science of administration of justice reached its apex during the period of the Great Mughals are critically investigated in this paper. Though the Mughals initiatives were oriented to public and social welfare, their absolute authority over the state cast shadows on the system they introduced, one of which was administration of justice. With the help of qualitative research methodology, this article examines whether the Mughal system of administration was meant to dispense with justice and uphold welfare of the people or it was just a replica of the police state where sovereignty was exercised in a dictatorial manner. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Languages and Linguistics, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-mughal-administration-of-justice-an-appraisal https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Preparing for the Future War: India and Pakistan's Changing Military Doctrines Ashfaque Ali Banbhan Hussain Abbas Farooque Ahmed Leghari India Pakistan Limited War Low Yield Nuclear Weapons Surgical Strikes Air Strikes India and Pakistan have been changing their military doctrines at a faster pace. Indians had been since long focused on the policy of preparing them to fight a full-fledged conventional war against Pakistan. It was the nuclearization of Pakistan that forced them to bring change into Indian military doctrine and focus on a limited war than a full-fledged one. This Indian military tilt pressurized Pakistan to fill the gap at the tactical by introducing low yield nuclear weapons in its arsenal. Furthermore, Indians being restricted to initiate limited war against Pakistan opted for the options of surgical strike and, when failed to gain the desired efforts against Pakistan, opted for airstrikes in 2019, which resulted in a severe crisis. There is still a lot to come in future and bring further changes into the military doctrines of the two countries. This qualitative research gives a detailed discussion on the changing military doctrine of India and Pakistan, adding the views of expert informants. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Commerce, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD scholar, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/preparing-for-the-future-war-india-and-pakistans-changing-military-doctrines https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Nuclear efforts of Iran under the shadow of US sanctions Robina Saeed Muhammad Munib Khalid Sajida Begum Iran Nuclear efforts US Sanctions isolated UN Security Council Iran has started the Atom program for Peace which has already planned by the US for countries concerned in consuming atomic energy for non-violent devotions. Iran also decided to develop a nuclear program to generate electricity. In 1979 US and the west has temporary banned the project. The United States has applied these sanctions on Iran for various purposes. This includes weakening domestic support for the Islamic regime and, recently, imposing charges on Iran to continue its nuclear program. These sanctions have left Iran with local and foreign capital, and have isolated it economically and politically. However, the regime has survived and continues to challenge the international community. Iran has also made great strides in nuclear planning. This article aims to explain how the Iranian's survived despite international sanctions specially the US. It rebuilds the interaction between the contraction of sanctions by the UN Security Council, the United States and targeted regime strategies to promote the nuclear program and maintain cohesion within the choice. Humanity Publications Chairperson, School of Mass Communication, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/nuclear-efforts-of-iran-under-the-shadow-of-us-sanctions https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Decade of Political Unrest: An Analysis of General Zia Era in Pakistan Bakhtiar Khan Hassan Shah Iltaf Khan Authoritarianism Politicians MRD Governance and Political Institutions The problem with Pakistan's democracy is not that only political institutions are weak but the interference of non-elected forces has also done havoc with it. Apart from the high handedness of civilian bureaucracy the unswerving military adventurism disrepute the political process of the country. The entry of military into the corridors of powers hit hard the final nail into the coffin of democratization in Pakistan. General Zia tactfully maneuvered his plan cashed the extreme polarization political parties proved yet another great hurdle to the survival democratic system. The paper analyzes the decade long unrest caused by the military regime of Gen. Zia. The paper also shed light on how abruptly military managed to gain superior position in the politics of the country. The immaturity that demonstrated by political setup is also the concern of this endeavor. Qualitative approach has been adopted to satisfy the puzzling queries pointed out above. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Buner, Buner, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, University of Buner, Buner, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Pakistan Study Center, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-decade-of-political-unrest-an-analysis-of-general-zia-era-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Syrian Peace Process: How Syria Can attain Perpetual Peace? Zab Un Nisa Gul e Zahra Syed Waqas Ali Bokhari Syrian Civil War Peace Talks Humanitarian Crisis Refugees Stability in the Middle East The Civil wars only can end by the total victory of one party against the other or through the table-talks. The progress about the political settlement of the Syrian crisis has stalled, and the Syrian regime did not show preparedness to accompanying its opponents. The regime cannot provoke directly with turkey and United States to asserts its influence in the north and eastern part of Syria. There is no political peace process to bring the fruits to date. As laid out under the United Nations Security Council UNSC in pursuance of 2254 resolution, the Geneva process has stuck. The mediation process under the United Nations is centrally focusing on establishing the legally bounded committee with the equal presentation of all stakeholders in this legal body or committee, significantly the regime, the opposition and the civil society inside Syria. The resolution was passed totally in December 2015, the said resolution drawn on four steps to ensuring the long-lasting resolution of the Syrian conflict. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-syrian-peace-process-how-syria-can-attain-perpetual-peace https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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An Analysis of Pakistans Role in US Dialogue with Taliban Ijaz Khalid Hina Malik Aneela Akbar Talks USA Taliban Pakistan Strategy Peace War Afghanistan The paper analysis the US talks with the Taliban since they attacked Afghanistan and eliminated Al-Qaeda in October 2001. The piece of study highlights the role-played Islamabad in patching up both Taliban and American for dialogue to come up with a peaceful solution to the US War in Afghanistan. Washington always uses divers' players for holding talks with the Taliban including, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Germany, UAE and the Afghan government, to achieve its objective. The study found that the US never sincere in their move of dialogue with the radical forces in Afghanistan. The study also come to the conclusion that the different actors involved by the US have their own interests to pursue rather than achieving US interests. Additionally, Washington never gave a free hand to any one of the actors to hold talks with the Taliban. These factors are responsible for blocking the way of peace in the graveyard of Empires. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-pakistans-role-in-us-dialogue-with-taliban https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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China's Courtship with the so Called Rogue States and US Concerns Aftab Alam Zahid Akbar Shabnam Gul Rogue states Iran China Syria North Korea United States Libya Hegemony China's relations with the rogue states like Iran, North Korea and Syria pose some serious threats to the primacy of US in the world. Although US is the sole super power of the world but China's response to the global unipolarity projects China's non acceptance of the supremacy of US in the world. The economic and strategic nature of Chinese engagements in these "Rogue states" has engendered many uncertainties in the Washington. The US tried to pressurise China to quit her relations with the "Rogues states" but China did not listen to the US. This paper analyses the causes of China's love affairs with rogue states and to explore the major concerns of US in the courtship of China with the "Rogue states". Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Centre for south Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ministry of Defence, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/chinas-courtship-with-the-so-called-rogue-states-and-us-concerns https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Militancy and its Implications in the Tribal Belt of Pakistan Zafar Iqbal Yousafzai Inamullah Jan Rahat Iqbal Armed Conflict Militancy Tribal Belt Erstwhile FATA Non-State Actors The objective of this study is to examine militancy and its implications in erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which was annexed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. The people of erstwhile FATA become victims of militancy and armed conflict for a number of reasons. However, the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 led to the rising of militancy in the tribal belt of Pakistan, which adversely affected the region, its people and their way of living economically, socially, culturally and psychologically. The paper concludes that the in-time action of the government put this region on the path of peace and stability. The merger of FATA to KP was a significant act the government did in 2018 that has a far-reaching impact on peace in the area. The article suggests the best possible and viable options to reduce the suffering of tribal people in all domains. Humanity Publications Senior Research Associate, Strategic Vision Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Independent Researcher in International Relations. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/militancy-and-its-implications-in-the-tribal-belt-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Social Sciences on Nanovaccines Awareness in attaining Sustainability against Biological Warfare Agents Manzoor Khan Afridi Rubina Ali Inamullah Jan Infectious Agents Chemical and Biological Threats Detection Vaccination Nanotechnology Homeland Security The Health system has witnessed numerous catastrophic outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. A biological outbreak can be natural, accidental or intended factors are responsible for the emergence of health threat. Threats can be genetics or biological; ecology; social,economic or political, and environmental based. Conventional technologies for the detection of these threats fail to adequately resolve the issues like imperfect detection, time-consuming procedures, high cost, and relatively reduced sensitivity. Conventional vaccines have limited efficacy, teratogenicity, high toxicity, and limited bio safety. Rapid developments in functionalized nano detectors and nano vaccines have revolutionalised the design of compatible nano-agents with improved on-site detection,decontamination, and rapid elimination of chemical, biological and infectious agents. This paper provides key insights into nanotechnology-based approaches and challenges related to the monitoring, detection,and targeting of these agents. Innovative nanotechnology-driven approaches with high sophistication may open up new opportunities in addressing the threats of biological and chemical warfare concerning homeland security. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. and Visiting research Scholar at CSSS, Department of War Studies, and King's Coll Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/impact-of-social-sciences-on-nanovaccines-awareness-in-attaining-sustainability-against-biological-warfare-agents https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Counter-Terrorism Measures and Human Rights Protection: The Case of Pakistan Sardar M.A. Waqar Khan Arif Bushra Bannian Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi Human Rights Counter-terrorism Measures Pakistan's Commitments Terrorism International Law This article focuses on counter-terrorism measures and human rights protection in Pakistan.Terrorism is a complex phenomenon having shocking effects and impacts on states and societies. Terrorists have no boundaries and violate the basic human rights of people. In this context, the people of Pakistan have faced shocking effects of terrorism after the attacks of September 11. The infrastructure of Pakistan is also damaged. While Pakistan has international legal obligations, this paper explores to what extent counter-terrorism measures are to be taken by Pakistan in order to combat terrorism. It explains the nature of the relationship between human rights and terrorism in order to investigate anti-terrorism initiatives taken by Pakistan and to assess human rights protections. It argues that domestication of the norms of international law with regard to terrorism is the need of the hour, and special measures are required to be taken to remove the effects of the evil of terrorism. In all respects, the security of the people of Pakistan is an important concern. Pakistan is active in combating terrorism.However, there are still certain challenges to eliminating terrorism. The paper concludes that Pakistan is under international legal obligations to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of people without discrimination at every level. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor of Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Lecturer in Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Law, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/counterterrorism-measures-and-human-rights-protection-the-case-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Contextual Study to CPEC Discernible Challenges, Consequences and Impediment to Regional Politics Abdul Saboor Taha Shabbir Muhammad Nadeemullah CPEC China-Pakistan Relationship Regional Politics BRI As the most major program under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered to be the most vital. The deal between Pakistan and China was signed in April of this year. In terms of economic and strategic advantages, the CPEC project helps both nations, and it has the potential to alleviate Pakistan's economic woes to an even greater extent.This effort, on the other hand, is confronted with a number of internal and external obstacles, including major threats to its growth and long-term survival. As a result of the current economic slump, this research largely examines the external issues that it presents. Overall, the struggle between China and the United States is depicted in broad strokes, as are a strategic collaboration between India and the United States, as well as the scale of the most difficult danger to terrorism, which ranges from instability to Afghanistan.Using the findings of this study, we can better understand and react to anti-CPEC propaganda. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar and Lecturer in Pakistan Studies, College Education Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Media and Communication, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazir Abad, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Social Work Department, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-contextual-study-to-cpec-discernible-challenges-consequences-and-impediment-to-regional-politics https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-III).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Hydropolitics of the Indus Waters Treaty: A Critical Perspective Muhammad Imran Mehsud Malik Adnan Azam Jan Hydropolitics India Indus Waters Treaty Pakistan This paper discusses the hydro politics of the Indus Waters Treaty from a critical perspective. Many analysts and commentators from both India and Pakistan expressed displeasure with the treaty on the grounds of allotting more waters to the contending party. The Indian side is displeased with 'restricted' rights on western rights, whereas the Pakistani side laments the Indian rights on the western rivers as detrimental to its water security. Neutral experts consider the Indus Waters Treaty as an instance of successful water dispute resolution. However, the treaty's failure to account for future implications of the climate change for water supply and surging population for water demand as well as the absence of the other co-riparians of China and Afghanistan from the treaty and its failure to hardwire enough safeguards to ensure Kashmiri's needs are met from the waters add to the stresses and strains in the Indus Waters Treaty. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-hydropolitics-of-the-indus-waters-treaty-a-critical-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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International Misperceptions about Pakistan's Nuclear Security Muhammad Rehman Tahir Mahmood Azad Nuclear Weapons Pakistan Security International Perception This paper aims to outline the international misperception about Pakistan's nuclear programme and analyses the origins of each critique, but also the measures Pakistan has put in place to rectify it. Furthermore, some issues will remain, but remain issues for all states with nuclear weapons and are not unique to Pakistan. These cases are outlined, and it is argued that these should be seen as international issues and that Pakistan should not be singled out for such failings. This paper is primarily aimed at scholars of security and strategic studies to inform them of the origins of the international perceptions, but also how the country has responded. The paper, therefore, may also assist international scholars who observe Pakistan's nuclear programme externally to acquaint them with the considerable efforts Pakistan had undergone since 1998 when it first conducted its nuclear test. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Arts & Media, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Visiting Research Fellow, Centre for Science & Security Studies (CSSS), War Studies Department, King's College London. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/international-misperceptions-about-pakistans-nuclear-security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Understanding Terrorism: A Review of the Psychosocial Theories Arif Jameel Riaz Ahmad Mudassir Mehdi Terrorism; Social Cognitive Approach; Behaviorism: Stereotyping; Symbolization Terrorism is a cause of uncertainty, fear, and damage for a country. Mostly represented stereotypically, terrorists are the reason for civil unrest worldwide. However, there are different approaches to describe the personality traits of a terrorist still this matter is highly debatable. This study aims to address terrorism from a psycho-social perspective. By describing the background dynamics of terrorism, the researchers extensively discussed the Social and Psychological reasons for adapting terrorism. The researchers discussed it in the light of different theories proposed by renowned psychologists and sociologists worldwide. Therefore, it is concluded that the psychological images of terrorists tend to reinforce social narratives which further lead to the creation of certain stereotyped attributions. In this regard, highlighting the adaptation of terrorism in the context of behaviorism can be of greater pertinence to effectively counteract this civil unrest. Humanity Publications School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Assistant Professor, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xian Jiaotong University, China. Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/understanding-terrorism-a-review-of-the-psychosocial-theories https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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An Assessment of Right to Fair Trial Under the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973: A Comparative Study of the US and Pakistan Bakht Munir Ali Nawaz Khan Naveed Ahmed Fair Trial Constitution Pakistan Fundamental Right Public Trial Counsel Equal Protection Right to fair trial is considered as the basic right affirmed by Islam and recognised by different international documents i.e., ICCPR, UDHR, etc. In Pakistan, the notion of fair trial has been incorporated through Article 10-A through 18th constitutional amendment. The two amendments were made in the US Constitution in 18th and 19th century i.e., 6th and 14th amendments which safeguards right to speedy trial, impartial jury, public trial and equal protection of law. The Investigation for Fair Trial Act, 2013, permits the use of new methods in collection of evidence and also bridles arbitrary powers from being used. However, being dissimilar to the essence of the Constitution, 21st Amendment was made to adopt Pakistan Army Act, 2015 in order to control the extremism. The key purpose of the article is to assess how far the efforts for the enforcement of right to fair trial in Pakistan are sufficient? Humanity Publications University Law College, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University Law College, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University Law College, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/an-assessment-of-right-to-fair-trial-under-the-constitution-of-pakistan-1973-a-comparative-study-of-the-us-and-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Evaluating China's Soft Power Discourse: Assumptions, Strategies, and Objectives Muhammad Nadeem Mirza Hussain Abbas Muhammad Qasim Nizamani Aid Diplomacy Confucianism Cultural Diplomacy. Discourse Peaceful Development Soft Power China claims that it's rise is different from other great powers: a benign and responsible power striving for just order and peaceful development. This paper raises question that why has China resorted to soft power mechanisms? What are the strategies that it employs to project soft image? And finally, how is soft power helpful in portraying China as a power distinct from the status quo powers? While utilising qualitative content analysis, this study focuses upon the origins of soft power conception, characteristics of Chinese soft power discourse and strategies that it has adopted to attain its objectives. Under the leadership of Xi Jinping, has paid a profound attention to soft power as a means to realise the 'China Dream'. China's efforts to enhance regional and trans-regional connectivity, infrastructure investment and formula for poverty alleviation have contributed to brilliance of China. Humanity Publications Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Pakistan. PhD scholar, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Pakistan. (Faculty Member, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan) Faculty Member, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/evaluating-china-soft-power-discourse-assumptions-strategies-and-objectives https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(V-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Evolution of Pakistans Nuclear Weapon Programme Tahir Mahmood Azad Hina Shahid Nuclear Weapons Nuclear History Civil Programme Pakistan's Policy The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of Pakistan's nuclear progarmme before and after 1998. Pakistan started its nuclear programme solely for peaceful purpose, and it had no intention to develop nuclear weapons. However, India's objective to acquire nuclear weapons compelled Pakistan to make its own weapon to deter India. After the 1971 war and India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (P.N.E.) in 1974, there was no option left for Pakistan but to build its bomb to deter Indian aggression. This paper comprehensively discusses the evolution of Pakistan's nuclear programme, the role of civil-military leadership and furthermore, the development of the command and control system. This paper further elaborates the development of missile technology and the nuclear policy of the country Humanity Publications Visiting Research Fellow, Centre for Science & Security Studies (CSSS), War Studies Department, King's College London. Assistant Professor, Department of Arts & Media, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/evolution-of-pakistans-nuclear-weapon-programme https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Post Covid-19 Comparison between Chinese and North American Film Industry: A Systematic Review of the Year 2020 Cinema Mudassar Hussain Shah Muhammad Yaqoub Zhang Jingwu Post-COVID Cinema Chinese Film Culture Industry Hollywood Box Office Film Academy This article analyzes the Chinese post-Covid-19 cinema and compares it with the developments in North American Cinema. Coronavirus disease has significant detrimental effects on the worldwide film industry, and the annual box office of major film industries has seen a severe decline. This study presents the systematic review of the comparison of Chinese and North American Cinema during the year 2020. In this study, researchers have opted for the deductive approach on secondary source data with the keywords "Post Covid-19 Cinema", "Chinese Film Culture Industry", "Hollywood", "Box Office", and "Film Academy" on google search and consider all the significant sources in this systematic review. The Findings of the study reveal that China has already overtaken North America as the global most extensive box office crown for the first time, showing that in the post-COVID-19 era, the Chinese film industry is indeed among the first to get back on its feet. Humanity Publications Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Film, Television, Art, School of Communication, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China. Department of Film, Television, Art, School of Communication, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/post-covid19-comparison-between-chinese-and-north-american-film-industry-a-systematic-review-of-the-year-2020-cinema https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Hegemonic Nature of United States with Tehran and its Impacts on Middle East (ME) Politics: A Critical Analysis Munib Khalid Shabnam Gul Muhammad Faizan Asghar US Iran Middle East Revolution The geopolitical location of Iran has made this region a pivotal player in the politics of the ME. Prior to the Revolution of 1979, Iran was considered as the policeman of the Gulf, armed to the teeth with the active support of the US; Iran remained a steadfast ally of the US. In this framework, the study investigates the current position of Iran who is considered by the United States as a rogue state. Although the Khomeini Revolution of 1979 manifested the initiation of a novel epoch in Gulf Politics and it is still a force to be reckoned with. So, in the light of the above background, we will assess the importance of Iran as an important state in the theatre of power politics revealing in the ME and its subsequent effects on the future of ME Politics. The key questions here are, will Iran again emerge as an important supporter of the US? Is it a question that requires careful analysis? Our paper argues that the importance of Tehran as a regional actor cannot be ignored. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Political Science (LCWU), (In-Charge) Department of International Relations, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil in Peace & Counter Terrorism (MUL), ECNS from National Defense College of Philippines. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/hegemonic-nature-of-united-states-with-tehran-and-its-impacts-on-middle-east-me-politics-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exporting the JF-17 Thunder: A way-out for Pakistan Fida Muhammad Khan Ahmed Ali Aviation Industry Defense Economics Defense Exports Fighter Aircrafts JF- 17 Pakistan is facing a current account deficit. Boosting exports will help reduce the deficit and fetch the much needed foreign exchange. Exports of defense products can provide Pakistan economy with a major boost. The paper presents a discussion on the various benefits Pakistan can have if the defense products such as the JF-17 thunder, which is a multi-role jet fighter produced by PAC Kamra and CAC China, is sold. The research approach as adopted in this paper is qualitative. The possible markets for the Pakistani JF-17 have been identified. The paper recommends that the political leadership should effectively utilize its diplomatic channels in order to secure sales for Pakistan's JF-17's thunder. The successful sale of the aircraft would not only boost our economy but will also make Pakistan rise in the comity of nations. Humanity Publications Lecturer Department of Development studies, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer in Political Science, Higher Education Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/exporting-the-jf17-thunder-a-wayout-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Narrative Building for Comprehensive National Security of Pakistan Zara Qurban Shabnam Gul Muhammad Faizan Asghar Narrative National Security Pakistan The debate about building a national narrative for the state of Pakistan could be seen among academia, think tanks and media personnel for the last few years. It is believed that 'national narratives' help project the world-view of a nation, which is considered important in the contemporary world. The paper in hand pleads that narrative-building is a delicate exercise, which needs a major intellectual effort. Narratives encompass the ideological, historical, socio-economic and cultural perspectives of any nation. Pakistan is a State which had the narrative beforehand the inception of the state. The paper argues that there is a need to constitute a 'Committee of top academics, intellectuals and religious scholars of the country', who should deliberate and build a comprehensive national narrative, allinclusive in approach and leaving out no segment of the society. Meanwhile, the paper presents a few recommendations, which proffer some measures to address the prevailing security concerns. Humanity Publications MPhil, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, National Defense University Islamabad, Pakistan. In-Charge, Department of IR, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil, Department of Peace & Counter-Terrorism, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/narrative-building-for-comprehensive-national-security-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Global Climate Change: A Threat Multiplier to Pak- Afghan Constrained Relations Manzoor Khan Afridi Aftab Alam Shabnam Gul Climate Change Terrorism Scarcity Realism Liberalism Environmentalism Pakistan and Afghanistan both are underdeveloped states and totally depended on agriculture for their economic spine. Terrorism issues with massive liability shortfall, susceptible set-up, bad governance, huge corruption, widespread poverty and extensive protection disbursement share the issues and issues of both countries. Global Climate Change and weather trade, and enlarging risk, foretells disastrous consequences on agriculture. The South Asian Region generally and PakAfghan particularly vulnerable to Challenges due to the weather change, consisting of, quickly melting Himalayan glaciers resultant in water shortage, low farming harvests main to meals lack confidence, threatened seashores, and people movement are causal to the emergencies of individualism and power between two important neighbours. These multidimensional factors of imminent issues have generated a debate to appear past the out-of-date coast-to-coast security constraints and comprise the environmentalist model of security, which calls for developing the variation ability of a state. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Center for South Asian Studies (CSAS), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/global-climate-change-a-threat-multiplier-to-pak-afghan-constrained-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Aab Ky Marr! Pulwama to Balakot: India's New Normal Rizwan Zeb Shahbaz Ahmed Shahzad Imran Khan Strategic Stability Indo-Pak Conflict Pulwama Crisis Balakot Strike Operation Swift Retort Indo-Pakistan Risk-Taking and Crisis Behavior Pulwama/Balakot crisis is important for several reasons. The prime amongst it is that Pakistan changed the rule of the game. It not only thwarted India's design, it effectively demonstrated that it could respond to any Indian aggression through conventional means. The paper argues that although India and Pakistan had a narrow escape during the conflict, there is a need for a cautious approach when it comes to Indo-Pakistan strategic stability. The papers focus on the crisis behavior of both countries and argue that while India intentionally initiated the crisis whereas Pakistan took every step to deescalate. At the end of the crisis, Modi claimed that India was prepared to hit Pakistan with multiple missiles if it had not returned the IAF pilot. While it might be music to his ultra-Hindu fundamentalist supporters, in fact, it was nothing but a desperate attempt to restore his credibility. In the subcontinental culture, aab ky Marr explains such a mindset. Humanity Publications Associate Professor and DS Research, Department of War Wing, Air War College Institute (AWCI) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Independent Security Analyst with Expertise in South ASIAN Strategic Stability Affairs. PHD scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtaba University Of Science & Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/aab-ky-marr-pulwama-to-balakot-indias-new-normal https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Civil Military Cooperation (CIMIC) in Cyber Security Domain: Analyzing Pakistan's Prospects Syeda Sundus Anwar Tughral Yamin CIMIC Cybersecurity Cyberwarfare Synergy Trust A clear lack of Civil-Military Cooperation is evident in the field of national cybersecurity policy. For a country such as Pakistan with fractious political, cultural, and diverse ethnic identities and ideological characteristics, an unguarded cyber domain can add to the existing rifts. In light of these challenges, Pakistan needs to create a national cybersecurity policy and strategy incorporating both civil and military concerns. The aim of this research paper is to find out a conceptual framework of Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) in the realm of cybersecurity. This study has used open-ended semistructured interviews to find out the way forward and the hindrances in civil-military cooperation to create a robust national cybersecurity regime. For an effective national cybersecurity policy, synergy has to be created between the civil and military sectors. The military should not only have the necessary cybersecurity expertise, but it should also organize cyber-drills incorporating all stakeholders. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Dean, Centre for International Peace & Stability (CIPS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/civil-military-cooperation-cimic-in-cyber-security-domain-analyzing-pakistans-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Dialogues and Peace Treaties in Afghanistan: An Analysis from 2010 to 2019 Syed Umair Jalal Nargis Zaman Muhammad Usman Ullah Taliban US Negotiations Afghanistan Withdrawal NATO Summit After the American invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the war-torn nation confronted numerous hardships and adversities in the following decade. US-led NATO forces overthrown the Taliban regime on 13 November 2001. The Taliban encountered severe blows from the US and allied forces, which constrained them to take shelter in the neighbouring countries, besides the hilly areas of Afghanistan (Afridi, Afridi, & Jalal, 2016). The region has witnessed a fierce fight between the Taliban and the NATO troops till 2010. Afterwards, a new phase in the Afghan conflict has begun; a progression of table talks and negotiations was initiated at various fronts. This particular research will focus on the dialogues, treaties, and negotiations among the conflicting parties to find a peaceful solution to the Afghan war. Humanity Publications (M.Phil. in Political Science), SST, Government Higher Secondary School, Kati Garhi, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/dialogues-and-peace-treaties-in-afghanistan-an-analysis-from-2010-to-2019 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Analysis of Washington Role in South Asian Balance of Power.... Uroosa Ishfaq Kashif Ashfaq Saima Gul U.S. Pakistan India Foreign Policy Cold War 9/11 Chinese Growing Domination Balance of Power United States' long-term strategic interest in South Asia has made it a dynamic area for its foreign policy priorities. The cold war, the 9/11 incident, and the rise of China as a global power are the main factors responsible for U.S. involvement in the region. Over decades, the U.S. has under gone ups and downs in its relations with Pakistan and India to accomplish its strategic objectives.Against this backdrop, the paper examines the U.S. changing interests in South Asia, its attempts to fulfill its strategic objectives, its ties with India and Pakistan, and its role in the balance of power between Pakistan and India. While doing so, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to study and present facts with the optimum level of objectivity. The study's findings concluded that U.S. changing policy towards South Asia and its quest for containing the rising Chinese influence in Euro-Asia is playing a significant role in the balance of power between Pakistan and India. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University Of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-washington-role-in-south-asian-balance-of-power https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Al Qaeda and Taliban Nexus: Trends in Terrorism in Pakistan Saiful Islam Bakhtiar Khan Arif Khan Al Qaeda Taliban Pakistan Terrorism FATA Pakistan is located in a volatile region where non-state actors are involved in sabotage activities at large. For the last four decades, Afghanistan remained the epicenter of militant activities in the region as well as in the rest of the world. Before 9/11, dozens of militant groups have found this land a safe haven for their terrorist activities and threaten the peace of the region at large. Pakistan is the most affected country in the world inter of human and financial loss. Due to the Afghan crisis, thousands of militants shifted their activities towards FATA and the rest of the country. Taliban and Al Qaeda are the two important groups who have martyred thousands of innocent people in Pakistan, especially Pashtun, and damaged the already vulnerable economy further. This paper will analyze the factors responsible for the nexus of the militant group and also their effect on Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Buner, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Buner, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Buner, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/al-qaeda-and-taliban-nexus-trends-in-terrorism-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Historical Recount of Terrorism in Pakistan: From Partition in 1947 to the Army Public School Massacre in 2014 Sumaira Saleem Brekhna Gul Sanaullah Terrorism Pakistan Army Public School Massacre Pak-Afghan Border The issue of terrorism is as old as the country itself. To begin with, there were infrequent low intensity periodic incidents of terrorism. However, state UN-willingness or UN-preparedness, in the beginning, allowed the issue to grow in strength. Furthermore, the disturbance in Afghanistan and ultimately the incident of 9/11 proved instrumental in providing the terrorists an opportunity to bounce back by inflicting serious to the state in total in terms of human deaths and economic losses. But among them all, the APS incident on December 14 2014, proved to be the worst in terms of human loss and exposed the terrorists as the ones who deserved no mercy. This paper reviews the historical accounts and tries to fix where the state and its institutions committed a mistake. It suggests that had Pakistan not been soft to individual incidents of terrorism, and had it not involved itself so much in Afghan affairs, the issue may not have worsened to cause so much damage and loss. Humanity Publications Mph Scholar in Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, University College for Women, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-historical-recount-of-terrorism-in-pakistan-from-partition-in-1947-to-the-army-public-school-massacre-in-2014 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Effects of Social Media on National Security: An Overview Adil Zaman Kasi Mirwais Kasi Abdul Qadir Social Media National Security Internet Propaganda Terrorist Groups Social media is a new concept that has originated rapidly and has captured the attention of billions. Social Media's quick access to information, and easy links it forms between people,and the easy promotion of business far and wide has allowed it to gain many supporters. Since the internet has emerged as a dominant figure in our society, social media and smart gadgets have given everyone the liberty to make comments and share their point of view and opinions on news stories any time they want.Viewers can record and upload original and selected content that has been most probably captured by them on mainstream media. But many malicious individuals like terrorists and criminals have abused the advantage that social media represents. This piece of writing is to analyze the effects of social media on the country's national security and a better understanding of the usage of social media. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-social-media-on-national-security-an-overview https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Afghanistan a Conflict Zone: Inter and Intra-State Dynamics Muhammad Yunas Khan Afghanistan Conflict Zone Taliban Intra-State Dynamics The paper elucidates the conflict zone 'Afghanistan' fundamentally divided in two high land and low land climate. from internal perspective and elaborates the inherent issues and internal dynamics of the state that are tormenting its stability. The unit of analysis is state structure and its changing dynamics due to sudden and abrupt shift of power and change in internal dynamics. The exploratory analysis is furthered extrapolated with the empirical findings arrived through qualitative method to infer at findings regarding the question of why the country remained as conflict zone and failed to emerge as stable state and viable sate in comity of nations. The public perception about their socio-economic issues and socio- political issues is measured statistically to draw inferences about recommending policy option to the state machinery and reconciliation process.. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for International Peace and Stability Studies (CIPS ), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/afghanistan-a-conflict-zone-inter-and-intrastate-dynamics https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Iran's Strategic Outlook: Geo-Political Implications for the Region Shahzad Munawar Shehzada Afzal Middle-East Terrorism Syria Shia-Sunni Rivalry Pakistan A state's strategic outlook not only incorporates the challenges and opportunities for achieving its national interest but also identifies and utilizes certain strategic drivers that shape its policies that, in turn, formulate and feed into its strategic outlook. Ideology, historical experience,geography, and culture are some of the factors that can play a role in a country's strategic outlook. The study focuses upon Iran, which holds immense importance in the political and strategic realm of international politics. It has a central position in Middle Eastern politics. Whereas in the West, especially in the USA, is often described as an irrational, theocratic, and fundamentalist state that sponsors terrorism as an instrument of policy, yet a closer look at Iran's strategic thinking points to the fact that it is often not the case. The Iranian revolution, ideological rivalry with Saudi Arabia, proxy wars in war-torn region, distrust of the US are the factors Iranian strategic outlooks depends upon. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/irans-strategic-outlook-geopolitical-implications-for-the-region https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Promoting Regional Peace and Stability: Analyzing the Case of Indo-Pak Conflict Aamna Khan Ahmed Bux Jamali Indo-Pak Regionalism Regional Peace SCO Shared Security Stability By looking at the institutional settings of SCO, it is believed that this organization has a huge potential to maximize cooperation and minimize conflicts among the member states. Founded under the leadership of Russia and China, SCO extended not only the opportunities and roadmaps for promoting bilateral trade and security collaborations of the mentioned countries but also helped promoted regional integration across Central and South Asian states. To further analyze the viability of this platform, this article seeks to evaluate the emergence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization from a 'security institution to a multilateral organization' perspective. It will further examine SCO's role in promoting regional peace and stability and finally elucidate how far the inclusion of new members like Pakistan and India can utilize the magnitude of SCO to mitigate their tensions. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University, China. PhD Scholar, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Shanghai International Studies University, China. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-in-promoting-regional-peace-and-stability-analyzing-the-case-of-indopak-conflict https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Culture of Violent Extremism in Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Causes and Remedies Sadia Fayaz Violent Extremism Universities Terrorism Radicalization Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Violent Extremism and Radicalization is on the rise in the Universities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). In the last decade, the crisis of students discipline has increased on campuses. Many incidents of violence and intolerance on campus are alarming for the higher education of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The education curriculum is insufficient to develop a mature and critical mind instead of making sectarian activists and extremists. To counter extremism, many laws and bills have been passed to control this social problem in our societies. The existence of such issues in the universities and education sector is very alarming because the youth is part of this sector. The education sector should be freed from such problems for the social, political and economic progress and development of the society. Thus this article highlights the issue and provides necessary recommendations to solve the problem. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-culture-of-violent-extremism-in-universities-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-causes-and-remedies https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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De-radicalization: A Case Study of Swat Valley; Its Progress, Challenges Sara Batool Muhammad Rizwan Wajih Ullah De-Radicalization Swat Valley Rehabilitation Counselling Reintegration This research analyzes the de-radicalization process of swat, its progress, and challenges in the years 2008 to 2018. Previously Swat was fallen in the hand of terrorists and it had faced extremism and terrorism. Religious intolerance and economic issues led it to the next level of conflict.Pakistan Army initiated operations against terrorists while on the other hand, they converted the terrorist's head quarters into centers for the de-radicalization program. This study primarily explored the de-radicalization progress of swat and find that the Army de-radicalized the terrorists through a systematic program that included rehabilitation, religious counseling, vocational training, reintegration into the society,and later on their monitoring were the main features of the program. The study also analyzed the possible efforts that can be put together in making a conducive working environment in Swat. This study also highlights the need for more de-radicalization programs in Pakistan targeting different ethnic, racist,religious radicalization. This study also discusses the efforts of the National action plan and Paigham-e-Pakistan in the light of de-radicalization and its effectiveness in the long run. This research also suggests that the government and private sector with combined efforts can bring more diversity and effectiveness in de-radicalization programs. Humanity Publications MS in International Relations from COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan. MS in International Relations from COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/deradicalization-a-case-study-of-swat-valley-its-progress-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Propaganda Warfare: Indian Disinformation Campaign against Pakistan Sumeera Imran Mohammad Ali Zafar Propaganda War India Pakistan Media Disinformation Access to sources of information has allowed states to use media as a tool of propaganda warfare. It can be observed that within the South Asian theatre, India and Pakistan are involved in propaganda warfare, spreading disinformation campaigns with the aim to disrepute the other's international image. To understand the techniques of propaganda warfare, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model provides a befitting conceptual cushion to study propaganda warfare techniques using news media to propagate disinformation. This paper tends to focus on how New Delhi exercises control over news media to portray Pakistan as a failed state, a safe haven for terrorist organizations, installing anti-army information, building war hysteria in South Asia, and targeting Pakistan's stance on Kashmir and Balochistan. The paper argues that Indian news media has become a tool in the hands of the Indian political elite in generating false propaganda against Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/propaganda-warfare-indian-disinformation-campaign-against-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Balance of Power in South Asia: Concerning Russian Role Uroosa Ishfaq Kashif Ashfaq Saima Gul Russia Pakistan India International Dynamics Russia-China Rapprochement New Power Politics Game Balance of Power Russia's engagement in South Asia has been shaped by its strategic interests: its quest for warm water, the routes of its gas pipeline, and its policy for curtailing U.S. hegemony. It has always been a dominant actor of South Asian Politics. The international dynamics have changed Russian strategies at different intervals. Initially, it was inclined towards India; however, in the current scenario, it has recognized the significance of Pakistan for a peaceful political settlement in Afghanistan and linking the Euro Asian union with South Asia, the Indian Ocean, and beyond. The paper highlights the changes in Russian policies towards South Asia and its due role in the balance of power between Pakistan and India.Russian strategic interest in South Asia and its relationship with India and Pakistan are the sole factors responsible for Russian involvement in BOP between Pakistan and India. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil. Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/balance-of-power-in-south-asia-concerning-russian-role https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Iran Pakistan Relations between Cooperation and Distrust from 2001 to 2015 Abdul Qadir Mirwais Kasi Adil Zaman Kasi Iran. Pakistan Relations Rivalry Terrorism Trade WAR This study is qualitative research and is descriptive in nature. It starts with the cataclysmic events of 9/11 and the influence of US War on Terror on Iran and Pakistan. The war was realized by Iran and Pakistan with awe and shock. Initially, Iran cooperated the US, but soon President George Bush's fiery speech estranged Iran. While Pakistan, under duress became a front lien State in the War on Terror. Therefore, the two countries took different directions, and their relations were somewhat strained. There were also many other reasons such as Jundallah factor, controversial Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline, US sanctions, and Iranian nuclear deal, border trade issue, Saudi-Phenomenon, competing Gwadarcs Chabahar ports, Indo-Iranian collaboration, which impacted the relations between the two countries. All this indicates that there was no warmth in relations between the two countries, and there was an element of mistrust. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/iran-pakistan-relations-between-cooperation-and-distrust-from-2001-to-2015 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Migrants and Growing Global Health Security Challenges after COVID-19 Outbreak Muhammad Ijaz Latif Rubina Ali Inamullah Jan Migrants Infectious Diseases Surveillance Health Security Monitoring Early Warning COVID-19 Migrants and prevailing infectious diseases have become a more complex global challenge in the twenty-first century. Migration is a multi-faceted socio cultural phenomenon that impact has increased dramatically in the field of health and epidemic diseases. The global mobility of a person is a fundamental dynamic in the emergence of infectious diseases such as Coronavirus, TB, HIV /AIDS, Malaria, SARS and Ebola. Population mobility and growing circulatation of migrats poses global health security challenges. The comprehensive health policy is a base for combating infectious diseases at global level. The prime aim of this paper is to capture the gaps to manage health problems which are associated with migrants. So, this study shows, how surveillance, monitoring, early warning can combat the serious health threats of migrants. The preparedness, planning and coordination policies, can tackle the emergency in large occurrence of infectious diseases mainly COVID-19. Humanity Publications Chairman/Professor, Department of International Relations, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Research Scholar, CSSS, Department of War Studies, King's College London. Lecturer, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/migrants-and-growing-global-health-security-challenges-after-covid19-outbreak https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Great Powers Interests in Afghanistan: Impacts on Pakistan Post - 9/11 Alia Tasleem Javed Akhtar Salyana Muhammad Shafiq Afghanistan 9/11 Pakistan USA China Russia Offensive Realism Afghanistan has a unique politico-strategic position on the world map. There are multiple reasons that always draw the attention of regional and foreign players for their national interests. The event of 9/11 again turned Afghanistan into an arena of competition for self-interests of regional and international powers. The study observes the great powers USA, China and Russia's convergence and divergence of interests in Afghanistan in the merrier of "Offensive Realism" theory. This aim of the study is to analyze the involvement of great powers in Afghanistan and its impacts on Pakistan.This qualitative research work analyze through content analysis. The study finds out that Afghanistan's good and bad situation always affects Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU) Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Punjab, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-great-powers-interests-in-afghanistan-impacts-on-pakistan-post-911 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Terrorism and Counter- Terrorism Strategies: A Case Study of Pakistan with Special Reference to National Action Plan Sanaullah Brekhna Gul Mubasher Hassan Terrorism National Action Plan Military Courts Terrorists FATA Since 9/11 and the American decision to send ground forces to Afghanistan to chase and target Al-Qaeda leadership, Pakistan has seen incidents of terrorism of unprecedented magnitude. Thousands have lost their lives; while millions have been displaced, damaging the social fabric as well as hurting the economy of the country badly. In response, the government of Pakistan has deployed both soft and hard methods to do away with terrorism. In the wake of the APS incident, the government came up with a plan known as National Action Plan (NAP) to deal with terrorism comprehensively. Though on paper, the plan seems to be a well-composed document, it is subject to certain weaknesses and shortcomings. This paper will address what NAP is and what it has done to effectively curb the menace of terrorism in Pakistan. Data has been collected from secondary sources. What it argues at the end is that though the plan has done much to address the issue of terrorism, still much has to be done to effectively address what is known as terrorism. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer in Political Science, University College for Women, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Independent Researcher. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/terrorism-and-counter-terrorism-strategies-a-case-study-of-pakistan-with-special-reference-to-national-action-plan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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New Perspectives on China's Evolving Relations with Afghanistan Muhammad Nauman Akhter China Afghanistan BRI The New Neighborhood Policy Afghan Peace Process Afghanistan lies within the second and third of four-concentric security circles of China and is very important as the region for stability in the western part of China. The post 9/11 periods marked by the shifts in policies generally by the world and particularly by neighboring countries of Afghanistan: China, Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, and Tajikistan. By reviewing China's non-interventionist policy, the question arises here: what is China's engagement policy towards Afghanistan?The research intends to address the question by analyzing Sion-Afghanistan's economic, diplomatic and security relations. The research finds that China's policy evolves very slowly from calculated indifference to aggressive engagement in Afghanistan. Humanity Publications PhD International Politics, Shandong University, China 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/new-perspectives-on-chinas-evolving-relations-with-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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India's Quest to Establish Surgical Strikes as a New-Normal against Nuclear Pakistan: A Self- Deception or New-Reality? Muhammad Saeed Uzzaman Azhar Waqar Muhammad Amin India and Pakistan Surgical Strike New-Normal Conflict Nuclear Deterrence Sovereignty This study aims to understand the rationale behind India's recent offensive approach against Pakistan. With the advent of new technologies, the conflict transformed where major wars converted into minor wars and sub-conventional warfare. Nevertheless, India introduced a new set of war fighting strategies to establish itself as a major military power in the South Asian region. The study concluded that in line with its ambitious plans, India conducted a surgical strike deep inside Pakistan's territory in February 2019, and tried to establish a new pattern of strategic engagement where sovereignty breach of nuclear-capable Pakistan will be a 'New-Normal' in India-Pakistan conflictual relations.Interestingly, India taking inspiration from the US and Israel, not only tried to introduce 'New-Normal' in order to alter the norms of sovereignty in South Asia but also went dangerously ahead of them and negated the entire logic of 'nuclear-deterrence' without considering the fact that no one including the US has ever tried to create 'New-Normal' in the situation of actual nuclear deterrence. Lastly and importantly, it is either 'Normal' to accept the logic of nuclear deterrence or 'Abnormal' to reject or negate it. Pakistan's befitting response made it clear that there is no space for the establishment of 'New-Normal' under a nuclear overhang. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Phil Scholar, Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/indias-quest-to-establish-surgical-strikes-as-a-newnormal-against-nuclear-pakistan-a-self-deception-or-newreality https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role and Mandate of UNMOGIP for Peacekeeping under UNSC Resolutions on Jammu and Kashmir Tehmina Aslam Adnan Rahman Saqib Shahbaz UNMOGIP UN Resolutions Peacekeeping Line of Control Jammu and Kashmir The purpose of this study is to analyze the role and mandate of the UNMOGIP for peacekeeping. The UNMOGIP has been tasked to ensure peace and prevention of violations of the ceasefire line. The mechanism of UNMOGIP was part of the UN Peacekeeping. There is a need fora critical analysis of the role of the UNMOGIP in observance and reporting of CFL violations. The research paper will analyze the nature and scope of the work of the UNMOGIP. The findings of this research paper will be based upon the critical review of existing literature on UNMOGIP, Resolution of the UNSC on J and K.This critical analysis will provide a deeper and critical understanding of the nature, role, and mandate ofthe UNMOGIP under the spirit of the UNSC. This study can be useful to analyze the role of the UNMOGIP in maintaining peace across the LoC in the future Humanity Publications Director, SundarSTEM School and College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Faculty Member, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/role-and-mandate-of-unmogip-for-peacekeeping-under-unsc-resolutions-on-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Realism: Revisiting the Concept of Power in the Age of Information Shehzad Munawar Shehzada Afzal Ramzan Shahid Power Security Traditional Security Globalization Realism This paper seeks to revisit the concept of power in the theoretical discourse of realism in the 21st century by taking in view the impact of information and communication technology(ICT) on international relations. The main argument is that information and communication technology has dramatically shifted the concept of power as the possession of material capabilities. The paper argues that ICT has created a double paradox for materially and technologically powerful countries by creating vulnerabilities in the hard power and soft power domain. The paper also asserts that through cyber power exists in the virtual/cyber domain, it is able to get desired outcomes in the physical domain. ICT can be used as a soft as well as a hard power multiplier. Lastly, it argues that ICT has challenged the predominant position of material power capabilities to define world order and transformed the traditional power structure. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/realism-revisiting-the-concept-of-power-in-the-age-of-information https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Expansion of the Insurgency in the Erstwhile Tribal Areas of Pakistan Alamgir Khan Insurgency Tribal Areas Military Operations Expansion The incident of 9/11 and its aftereffects profoundly affected the security situation in Pakistan. The US and NATO forces invasion of Afghanistan on October 7, 2001 led many Al-Qaeda and Taliban operatives to take refuge in the erstwhile tribal areas of Pakistan. Pakistan army conducted military operations against the militants, but militancy initially confined to the South Waziristan expanded to the rest of the tribal areas. The question of insurgency expansion has been discussed by various scholars, but this study advances a different explanation. Firstly, the military operations were not supported by an effective counter narrative against the insurgents. Secondly, the military operations were conducted in the area of limited statehood, which helped the insurgents to obtain the support of the people and contributed to the expansion of insurgency. This study enhances our understanding of insurgency expansion in the tribal areas and contributes to the existing literature by providing a different explanation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-expansion-of-the-insurgency-in-the-erstwhile-tribal-areas-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Global Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Pak-Afghan Trans-boundary Water Aftab Alam Global Climate Change Kabul River Basin Dictatorship Security Threats The Water and weather, which is the delicate balance between evaporation and precipitation, is the primary cycle through which climate change is sensed. Scarcities of natural resources, floods, rapidly melting of glaciers along with fast sea-level rising, and storms are worsening or changing as our climate changes, with frequently fatal consequences. Freshwater accounts for only three percent of the total water on the earth, about 2/3 frozen in glaciers and glacial ice. Based on up-to-date climate estimates for the protection of water, we are at the moment passing through a challenging time, and the global population expected to surpass ten billion by 2055 would also be a challenging assignment, particularly for lower developing countries. In this research paper, we focused on some issues generally and particularly in the context of Pak-Afghan relations. Because, despite their geographical, linguistic, regional, religious, and ethnic entanglements, Pakistan and Afghanistan's bilateral ties have seen turbulence. Aside from classic security threats, like terrorism and extremism, foreign military intervention, jihadist Movements, dictatorship, and inter and intra-level wars, Pakistan and Afghanistan are confronted with a serious non-traditional security danger, namely the issue of Climate Change overpopulation. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Center for South Asian Studies (CSAS), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/global-climate-change-challenges-and-opportunities-for-pakafghan-transboundary-water https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Sino-US Global Competitive Dynamics Post 9/11 and its Impacts on Pakistan's Security Noman Gul Fareed Ullah Azmat Ali Shah Sino-US Relation Pakistan between Sino-US Security Implication Trade War Pax-Americana Pax-Sinica In this paper we examine the security implications for Pakistan after the engagement of two powerful states, China and United States. After the incident of September 11, 2001 (9/11) and their security impacts in the capacity of Pakistan's domestic and peripheral front. Their rivalry in the 21st century at the geo strategic, geopolitical and geo-economic level have been explained on the basis of realism, neo-realism and complex interdependence philosophies of international relations. The drastic political and strategic change in the status of Kashmir propelled Pakistan and China to review their foreign policies in future. In response, China wants Pakistan a strategic partner to closely look onto Afghanistan's political crisis during and after the withdrawal of the US from Afghanistan. However, the strategic relationship nuclear partnership between America and India has allowed the Sino-Pak strategic and nuclear partnership to level the magnitude of the United States' influence in South Asia. The issue of cross border terrorism, infiltration from Afghanistan and Indian espionage policy further sabotaged peace and security calculus in Pakistan's internal and external levels. India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership has further deteriorated Pakistan's relations with Afghanistan.. Humanity Publications Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law College, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department Of Political Science, Qurtuba University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Department of Political Science, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/sinous-global-competitive-dynamics-post-911-and-its-impacts-on-pakistans-security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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New Great Power Competition And Covid-19 Noor Fatima Tayyaba Zaman Janjua Syed Qandil Abbas New Great Power Competition China Russia United States Covid-19 The competition among great powers in the COVID-19 is the prime focus of this paper. As the great powers China, Russia and United States instead of cooperating in the crisis situation and generating global response towards pandemic they started accusing each other for the spread of virus. These great powers adopted vaccine nationalism and went for vaccine diplomacy. Moreover these great powers manufactured their own vaccines and promoted self-manufactured vaccines instead of generating collectively response towards the crisis resultantly which created more challenges for world. Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan BS, International Releation, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Politics and IR, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/new-great-power-competition-and-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Arms Race and its Impact on South Asia Muhammad Muneeb Tariq Muhammad Usman Ullah Safia Pakistan Indi a Arms race S-400 Security This research paper aims at investigating the ongoing arms race in South Asia. The escalating competition of arms race between Pakistan and India has enormous impacts on the stability of the region. Indian initiation of acquiring any weapon, conventional or non-conventional, Pakistan will go through the same route. Indian aspiration of acquiring a new defense system, S-400 missiles, and recent successful test of anti-satellite weapons poses a serious threat to the security and stability of Pakistan.Consequently, Pakistan will also go for the smart technological weapon. The main aim of this paper is to investigate that which reasons urge Pakistan-India to go through for adopting hazardous nuclear weapons,spending more budget of G.D.P. on defense, and modernizing the military capability in the conflict-prone region. This competition of arms race in the crisis-prone region will, no doubt, lead to the destruction of the region Humanity Publications National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Department of Politics and I.R., Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/arms-race-and-its-impact-on-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Challenges to Biosecurity: Improving Responses and Reducing Challenges Tayyaba Zaman Janjua Noor Fatima Kokab Saba Great Powers' Competition Challenges to Biosecurity COVID-19 Reducing Challenges The research explores the existing challenges to bio security due to competition among the great powers in the international system and hence focuses on how those challenges can be managed by increasing responses and reducing challenges at the state and global levels. The research hence focused on how the global community should respond so as to reduce challenges to bio security and hence suggests recommendations so as to mitigate the threats to bio security at the state and global level.This phenomenon of competition among great powers has generated many challenges to bio security. The vulnerabilities to the domain of bio security have much increased due to great powers competition. Hence in the COVID-19 outbreak, the Great power competition has lowered the measures of bio security and increased many threats to it. Humanity Publications BS International Relations, National Defence Univercity, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/challenges-to-biosecurity-improving-responses-and-reducing-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Resurgence of Militant Groups in Pakistan After Taliban Invasion of Afghanistan Noor Saeed Khan Noor ul Ain Naseem Muhammad Usman Ullah Militant Groups Pakistan Taliban Afghanistan Peace and stability are the utmost need for protecting the South Asian region from the ripple effects of the ongoing crisis situation in Afghanistan. The Taliban's rise to power in Kabul has engendered a difficult choice-the hard path of peace or reversion to civil war. The latter has deep repercussions for the entire world, particularly Pakistan. It is because of the fact that wars in Afghanistan have twisting but contrasting impacts on the societal level of both states simultaneously. The Taliban's rise in Kabul has uptick the non-conventional security threats for Pakistan including its border security. The recent momentum in the attack of TTP and militant groups on security forces in Pakistan is a testimony tothis fact. TTP leaders and different other non-state actors inspired by either TPP's ideology or encouraged and funded by India have received impetus from the 'blitzkrieg' of Taliban in Kabul. Humanity Publications Lecturer Peace and Conflict Studies Department National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Visiting Lecturer Peace and Conflict Studies Department National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Mphil Schalor Islamic International University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-resurgence-of-militant-groups-in-pakistan-after-taliban-invasion-of-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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New Media as Tool of Hybrid War Fare and Impact on Optimistic Thinking of Pakistani Nation Komal Rehman Imran Ashraf New Media as Tool Hybrid Warfare Impacts Optimistic Thinking Pakistani Nation The optimism is the state of being cheerful or hopeful about the future and about the world around. Optimism is defined as watching the bright side of a future to come. It involves ignoring the factors like demoralization, anxious feelings about future that involves over thinking, negative outcomes etc. Human beings foresee the effects in positive and negative ways. People who are positive in their approach regarding thinking, behavior and affects are always optimistic. Optimism is linked with precise cooperating style, ambition framing and constructive affect. Optimists demonstrate interest to positive information and show active engagement and trouble solving type behaviors. Optimists tend towards goal commitment, where the aim is to achieve the end result. Freedom and diversity are the optimistic version of the tendency for media to have a fragmenting effect on society that can also be liberating. The media spread new ideas and encourage mobility, change and modernization. Humanity Publications M. Phil International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/new-media-as-tool-of-hybrid-war-fare-and-impact-on-optimistic-thinking-of-pakistani-nation https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Pakistan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime Anum Riaz Muqarrab Akbar Pakistan Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (NNPR) Missile Technology Control Regime The arrival of nuclear weapons was detrimental in changing the nature of warfare; during WWII, we used nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities. The catastrophic effect of nuclear weapons made the pioneers apprehensive about the spread of nuclear technology across the globe. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (NNPR) is a set of international rules, norms, initiatives, agreements, arrangements, bilateral and multilateral treaties to curb the spread of nuclear weapons and technology. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is the backbone of NNPR. This paper discusses the significance of NNPR and will focus on how Pakistan fits into the bigger picture of the NNPR as a nuclear state. This research study will further analyze the prospects and challenges for Pakistan viz a viz the NNPR. It will specifically focus on Pakistan's official position on joining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT), and the two relevant Export Control Regimes (Nuclear Suppliers Group and Missile Technology Control Regime). Moreover, the challenges Pakistan faces viz-a-viz these treaties and arrangements will be highlighted. Recommendations will be provided based on the prospects of how Pakistan can overcome these challenges. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakistan-and-the-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Temporary Displaced Persons (TDPS) from North Waziristan Agency (NWA) in Bannu: Problems and Prospects Najbud Din Khan Faqir North Waziristan Agency TDPs Crises Relief Work Military Operations Terrorism Since its inception, Pakistan has always remained an important player in the South Asian politics due to its geographical location and strategic position. The war against terror affected the whole world generally and South Asia particularly. After the 9/11 attacks, the United States came into Afghanistan along with allied forces which pushed militants from Afghanistan to take refuge in near by places. Due to close proximity and vulnerable borders, many of these militants entered Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which resulted in a huge growth of militancy and extremism in the whole region.On the other side due to close collaboration with the United States in the war against terror, Pakistan suffered more in terms of lives, infrastructure, and the economy as compared to the forces combating terrorism in Afghanistan. This influx of militancy and extremism drove Pakistan to take measures against the advancement of militancy. Forceful strikes from Pakistan security forces on one side shook the structure of militants but on the other side resulted in a huge number of displacement. In the recent wave of displacement from the North Waziristan Agency, people suffered a lot, but later on, the Pakistani government, with the help of the local population and humanitarian agencies, overcome their difficulties and still trying to facilitate and rehabilitate them as soon as their areas became clear of the menace. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Qurtaba University of Science and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/temporary-displaced-persons-tdps-from-north-waziristan-agency-nwa-in-bannu-problems-and-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Iranian Perspective for a Nuclear Free Zone in the Middle East: Challenges and Opportunities Rida Tanvir Qandil Abbas Waseem Ishaque Nuclear Free Zone Neo-Liberalism Iran Middle East U.S. Israel Iran has remained a controversial topic for many decades among the international actors as well as some regional actors of the Middle East. The nuclear program of Iran has been the center of U.S. attention, and thus Iran underwent various sanctions. It was not until 2015 that the doors to U.S. cooperation opened for Iran, only to be closed two years later in 2017 by U.S. President Donald Trump.This bolted all prospects of Iranian intentions for negotiating a similar deal for Israel to have a nuclear-weapon-free Middle East. Despite being subjected to various allegations and sanctions, Iran continues in its efforts to make the Middle East a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. This initiative will open doors for various opportunities for the regional as well as the periphery states. Humanity Publications Ph.D. scholar, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad/Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/iranian-perspective-for-a-nuclear-free-zone-in-the-middle-east-challenges-and-opportunities https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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External Dynamics in China's Afghan Policy Behavior Muhammad Nauman Akhter China's Afghan Policy; Indian Influence; Withdrawal of the US-led forces; Regional countries; South Asia As the US leaves Afghanistan, China rushes to fill the void. The transformation in China's foreign policy behavior towards Afghanistan is somewhat an aberration from historical trends. Now, growing bilateral relations between China and Afghanistan are making policy experts surprised to what is behind this recent diplomatic push up of China. The paper analyses three external factors shaping China's Afghanistan approach: (1) withdrawal of the US-led western forces from Afghanistan forcing China to anticipate inimical forces will take the lead in Afghanistan, (2) Indian role and its long-lasting effects on Chinese interests in Afghanistan, (3) how regional countries around Afghanistan view the post-withdrawal situation and its policy implications for China. The research concludes that these external determinants, less or more, have far-reaching implications for China's foreign policy towards Afghanistan. Humanity Publications PhD International Politics, Shandong University, China. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/external-dynamics-in-chinas-afghan-policy-behavior https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Latent Operational Sway of Modern Indian Conventional Weapons on the Armed Forces of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Baig Operations Security Conventional Warfare T-90S S-400 Rafale India Pakistan Attaining and maintaining operations security remains the primary objective of armed forces on modern battlefields. Due to their flexibility in employment, conventional weapons are the true weapons of war and warfare, and in turn, significantly affect the operational environment based on their offensive as well as defensive capabilities. South Asia being a nuclear flashpoint is still characterized by conventional weapons. This paper intends to investigate the traditional weapon modernization undertaken by India and the likely impact of systems such as the Russian-built T-90S Main Battle Tank and S-400 Missile System, French-built Rafale Omni-role aircraft, and the Indian Navy aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya on the Armed Forces of Pakistan. The paper aspires to examine how and why these weapons and their acquisitions and deployments are likely to affect the operations security of both rival armed forces and recommend several conventional responses to enhance it, with special regard to Pakistan. Humanity Publications Research Associate, Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI), Pakistan./ Ph.D. Scholar, School of Politics and International Relations (SPIR), Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-latent-operational-sway-of-modern-indian-conventional-weapons-on-the-armed-forces-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Pakistan-China Strategic Relations in the Context of Geopolitical Dynamics of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Sumaira Rehman Rana Eijaz Ahmad CPEC Maritime Indian Ocean QUAD Geopolitics The international system is strongly influenced by economic globalization in the 21st century. During this century, the emergence of regionalism is strengthened, and regional alliances are considered as security to the so-called modern "Cliche of Globalization." In the current study, relations between Pakistan and China are discussed in light of enhanced regionalization in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). There are three regional blocks in Asia; Far Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The phenomenon has strengthened due to rapid geopolitical changes after the initiation of BRI and CPEC by China. Both Pakistan and Chain had developed mutually beneficial cooperation as a basic principle to observe globalization, contribute to in global affairs, and to establish relations. In this study, I would make an endeavor to analyze the challenging situation that arose in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) after China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is going to become functional in the foreseeable future. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakistanchina-strategic-relations-in-the-context-of-geopolitical-dynamics-of-the-indian-ocean-region-ior https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Doctrine of Use of Force in Self-defense and International Law: Prospects and Contours Sardar M.A. Waqar Khan Arif Bushra Bannian Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi Use of Force Self-Defense International Law Human Rights Obligations The law on "Use of Force in Self-Defense under International Law" aims to secure both state sovereignty and international peace. This is not only one of the most significant doctrines developed by the United Nations (UN) but is also most challenging to implement in true spirit as its interpretation often get spoliticised. The controversies spark not on the legality of self-defense but on proper identification of the circumstances under which it applies, and the debate continues till date (Azubuike, 2011). Hence changing interpretations of this norm by states continue to arise different response and threats every time this notion is applied. The present article is an effort to analyse the true meaning of the doctrine of "use of force (UOF) in self-defense (SD)", it highlights the scope of SD, and examines its various aspects. The article concludes that while the principles on UOF in SD are very well drafted, there exist an immense need to understand the applicability of this norm, the willingness of states to exercise it in its true spirit, and collective effort by states, international organizations, and the UN can prove effective in this respect. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Law, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-doctrine-of-use-of-force-in-selfdefense-and-international-law-prospects-and-contours https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Hydro-Politics of Trans-Boundary Water Resources in South Asia: A Water- Energy-food Nexus of Cooperation Muqarrab Akbar Rafida Nawaz Syed Hussain Murtaza Hydro-politics South Asia National Security Human Security Water is a vital resource for 1.9 billion, 24.89 Percent of the total world population residing in the South Asian states and the geopolitics of the region primarily is hydro-politics. The water geography of the region comprises river basins like the Indus, Ganges, Meghna, and Brahmaputra, acting as capillaries responsible for the flow of life in this gigantic region. Allocation of water resources is an external as well internal policy challenge for South Asian states. Taking a view of the water geography of the region and treaties governing trans boundary water flow, the paper aims to address the question of whether the water problem can be dealt only with the traditional security paradigm, focusing on water conflict through the state-centric lens; or the issue can be reflected with the prism of unconventional security paradigms as waters are integral to economic, food, environmental and human security. Human security combined with Liberal-Functionalist approaches may transform the crisis into a prospective scenario of peace and cooperation in the region Humanity Publications Professor/ Chairman, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/hydropolitics-of-transboundary-water-resources-in-south-asia-a-water-energyfood-nexus-of-cooperation https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Pragmatic Model of Countering Violent Extremism for Pakistan Muhammad Ejaz Waqas Ahmed Jamshed Violent Extremism Violence Countering Violent Extremism Model Peace Violent extremism has become a constant threat to the stability and very existence of the state of Pakistan. State adopted the foreign approaches and models to deal with the violent extremism without understanding the local environment and the drivers of violent extremism. The indiscriminate applications of traditional approaches without taking into account contextual model have made all the attempts of the state directionless and miscarry. This study is an attempt to construct a contextual and multi-dimensional model of countering violent extremism for Pakistan. The qualitative methodology has been adopted, to dealing with the research objectives. The study utilizes the review of existing literature, non-structured interviews and personal reflections for the collection of empirical data. The proposed model is comprehensive, contextual and impeccable. Likewise, it is practical, because it treats the non-violent non-state actors, such as, civil societies as vital actor, as violent extremism cannot be transformed with only the involvement of state authorities. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Government Postgraduate College Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Government Postgraduate College Mansehra, KP, Pakistan PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pragmatic-model-of-countering-violent-extremism-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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British Colonial Imperialism and Pashtun Resistance under Islamic Jihad: An Analysis of Umbeyla Campaign (1863) Ibrar Hussain Wang Xingang Aroosa Fatima North West Frontier Expedition British Pashtuns Umbeyla Malka This paper attempts to analyze the British Colonial Rule in the Indian North-West Frontier Region with respect to the Islamic Jihad led by Pashtuns tribes at Umbeyla (Buner) in 1863. The British annexation of this region resulted in bringing the Pashtoons into direct contact with their new master. Afterwards, the British launched almost sixty expeditions against the tribes of this region between 1849 to 1899. The Umbeyla campaign-in 1863 was one such expedition which showed British imperial design, the first ever large-scale confrontation between the two opponents in this region. Here, the British tested their forces against the native Pashtoon tribes,where the latter engaged the colonial forces and attacked them frequently. Religious and ideological resistance by the Pakhtun tribes will be focused on in this work. The British successfully defeated the stronghold of Pukhtuntribes in the town of Malka. The Umbeyla Campaign was part of a Britain strategy to assert control of the North West Frontier by countering the increasing unrest and resistance in Buner to British rule. The British succeeded in extending their rule at Pukhtuns' territory but at the cost of huge losses. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, School of World History, Politics and International Relation Northwest University, Xian, China and Lecturer Abasyn University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Professor, School of History, North-West University, Xi an, China Lecturer, Political Science at Bahria university Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/british-colonial-imperialism-and-pashtun-resistance-under-islamic-jihad-an-analysis-of-umbeyla-campaign-1863 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Indian Exploitation of Kashmir Through the Phenomenon of Terrorism: A Case Study Raja Wasim Shahid Kashmir Right of Self-determination United Nations India Pakistan Terrorism State Terrorism Discourse The genesis of conflict roots back to the exploitation of the Muslim majority by the Hindu rulers from1846 on-wards. Conflict broke out between India and Pakistan in 1947 as India took the matter to the UNSC which decided on a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. After the initial agreement, India slowly deviated to portray Kashmir as her internal issue. Having failed to suppress Kashmiri sentiment, India tried to crush resistance through brutal laws enacted in the garb of combating terrorism. In the process, it unleashed the worst form of state terrorism against the Kashmiri masses through a process of huge military deployment, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, rapes and intimidation. This article makes an attempt to understand how the Indian state, used terrorism as a weapon to obfuscate, mask and in fact change the nature of a pure struggle for the right of self-determination to tag it as terrorism. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/indian-exploitation-of-kashmir-through-the-phenomenon-of-terrorism-a-case-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of the NATO in Collective Security and how it has transformed and evolved over the years Fazli Rehman Yunas Khan Ismail Khan NATO Security Russia USSR This paper is about how and for what purpose NATO as an organization for collective security was established. To begin with, this paper says that NATO was established to counter and contain the communist threat in the shape of Russia. This was an era of the cold war. However, once the cold war was over and Russian disintegration happened in 1989, NATO didn't disappear but defined for itself a changing role in the changing world. It was because of this newly defined role that NATO survived and outlived its primary purpose. However,since the terrorists' attack on the twin towers on 9/11, NATO has further transformed to undertake military operations in areas that fall beyond its scope of operations. It has been seen as involved not only in military operations but also in humanitarian assistance in countries hit by natural calamities. Data for the paper was collected through secondary sources, including research papers and other collectable materials. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-the-nato-in-collective-security-and-how-it-has-transformed-and-evolved-over-the-years https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Russia Ukraine Relational Fiasco: Insights and Analysis Shahnawaz Muhammad Khan Muhammad Arif Khan Imran Altaf Russia Ukraine Crisis Russia Ukraine War Russian Invasion of Ukraine After the Second World War, USSR and the US started trying to increase their hegemony and were trying to persuade countries to make them align with them; specifically, they were trying to encourage the countries that were not associated with any of the superpowers. Russia's war with Ukraine is the most significant threat following the post-Cold War Era to the security of European and its stability. On February 24, 2022,Russia began a military strike against Ukraine along with a wide appearance, leading Ukraine to cut off full diplomatic connections with Russia. Vladimir Putin has repeatedly warned that the plans of Ukraine to participate in NATO are indeed a threat to Russia and has now voiced concern about NATO country's plans to expand in Ukraine. The research uses secondary sources like research articles and past published relevant material; it is a qualitative document analysis that focuses on the Russia Ukraine Crisis and critically analyze-sits causes and prospects for the world community. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Research Scholar, School of International and Public Affairs, Jilin University, P.R. China 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/russia-ukraine-relational-fiasco-insights-and-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police Participations with Pakistan's Army to Fight the Terrorism after 9/11 Umar Zad Khan Zahid Anwar KP Police Pak Army Terrorism A modern state keeps on attending to governmental matters without paying attention to the dangers and confrontations thereof. Otherwise, the State cannot attain a stable, peaceful environment. The inner threats such as terrorism and extremism faced by the country are not different from going into a war with another country as it also weakens and demolishes the State. Hence, the country going through a critical period due to inner threats needs to strengthen the base of the law enforcement agencies. When it comes to Pakistan, the ability of the security agencies has been greatly weakened and affected by the presence of internal and external security threats. Pakistan's security has been greatly compromised due to the massive number of terror attacks and various crimes orchestrated from the unchecked villages and tribal areas. The army, intelligence services institutions and all other security departments are responsible for assisting the police force when they are performing their main duty, which is to maintain the law and order situation. The study will focus on the role of KP Police in the battle against terrorism and analyze their weak points. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/khyber-pakhtunkhwa-police-participations-with-pakistans-army-to-fight-the-terrorism-after-911 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Borders Divide: Fencing the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border and the Question of Political Identity of Mohmand Tribe Safder Nisar Syed Sami Raza Border Divide Pakistan Afghanistan Mohmand Tribe Nangahar Political In the northwestern borderland of Pakistan, there live several tribes. Mohmand tribe is one of them,and it lives in the north of this borderland. The tribe is administratively divided into a district (formerly tribal agency) named Mohmand in Pakistan and the province of Nangahar in Afghanistan. For a long time, even when the international border existed, the tribal people did not face many hurdles to moving across the border. In this way, they kept their ethnic and political identity as one people. In 2017 when the government of Pakistan decided to fence the border, especially in the wake of cross-border terrorism, the tribesmen began to face a number of challenges, including one about their political identity. They have been indirectly made to question whether they are Pakistani people or Afghani, both on individual and collective levels. Humanity Publications Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Political Science, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/borders-divide-fencing-the-pakistanafghanistan-border-and-the-question-of-political-identity-of-mohmand-tribe https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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US Engagement with Central Asia (1991-2021) Saima A Kayani US Central Asia Afghanistan. Comprehensive policy Limited Intervention After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, US interests in the newly independent states of Central Asia were somewhat limited. However, with new developments, the region strategically became important for the US. The main reasons are the energy resources of Central Asia, the region's strategic geographical location, US involvement in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and post NATO/US army exit situation in the region and Afghanistan and the threat of reemergence of Taliban. It seems that the US followed a policy of democracy,human rights, the rule of law and development but at the same time had military bases in CARs to keep an eye over Afghanistan and neighboring regions. However, there is a shift in regional dynamics, which will not allow the US to keep its hold over the region. This research work divided the US policy in the Central Asian region into different periods, which are the post-Soviet era, post 9/11, post-2014 and post-US army exit from Afghanistan2021. Humanity Publications Chairperson, Department of International Relations, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/us-engagement-with-central-asia-19912021 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Ethnic Conflict, Politics and Pakistan's Security Dilemma: What Went Wrong Nasreen Akhtar Inamullah Jan Ethnicity Pakistan Politics Security Dilemma Pashtun Baloch Sindh PTM The ethnic political card has been influential in Pakistan's political history. Political and military leadership, in the past, have been dealing with political issues on the basis of ethnicity-for political objectives. Pakistan's four provinces have their own ethnic identity; they promote regionalism instead of nationalism.Balochistan, the most troubling area, is experiencing unrest due to constant insurgency based on ethnicity.Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), a new ethnic group, has taken root since 2018. PTM has been posing a new challenge to the state and security establishment. This paper examines the adverse impact of ethnic conflict and politics on national politics and security in the country. The new movement under PTM in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and one of the national political parties in Sindh have posed a grave challenge to the state and its security establishment. The central question of this paper is; why does ethnic conflict pose a security threat? And what are the new trends in ethnic politics? Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and International Relation, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relation, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/ethnic-conflict-politics-and-pakistans-security-dilemma-what-went-wrong https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Age of Surveillance Capitalism and its Impacts on Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan Amna Munawar Khan Sakeena Mariam Asif Civil-Military Capitalism Age of Surveillance Pakistan Cyber Security The study is intended to describe the newly emerging wave of cyber security threats under the conception of Surveillance Capitalism, which was initially defined by a Harvard university professor, Shoshana Zuboff. The idea of Zuboff emphasizes the use of various formats of data collected from different android software applications that can help regulate the political, social, and economic orientations of the targeted nations. The relevance of Surveillance Capitalism in the nuclearized subcontinent portrays a different picture of the South Asian strategic environment in which New Delhi and Islamabad are the archival nations. The Indian offensive policies obsessed with AntiPakistani behavior have launched a massive campaign on the mainstream social media platforms generally, and Twitter particularly. The use of countless fake social media accounts containing inaccurately maintained material for propagating purposes has become a major offensive tool of New Delhiagainst Islamabad. The Indian strategic community, preoccupied with the critical elements of internal Pakistan issues, is trying to mislead social media users by spreading manipulating facts about the critical nature of civil-military relations in Pakistan. Therefore, the paper's central theme revolves around the strategic dimension of Zuboff's concept of Surveillance Capitalism and its application to the decades-long Pakistan-India rivalry under the shadows of social media accounts generally and Twitter particularly. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Women University Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-and-its-impacts-on-civilmilitary-relations-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Saga of Decisive Combat of Pakistan Army in North and South Waziristan (2009- 2016) Muhammad Tazeem Javed Muhammad Shafiq Muhammad Azhar Terrorism 9/11 FATA Waziristan TTP Pakistan Army Zarb e Azb The entire security landscape of the world was altered due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Centre. After this incident, the US accused Al-Qaeda headship of the attacks. Henceforth, President Bush demanded the Afghan Taliban hand over Osama Bin Laden to the US. However, when the Taliban did not respond positively, the US attacked Afghanistan. The US also pushed Pakistan to take a U-turn on its Afghan policy; hence, President Musharraf decided to offer logistics and other relevant backing to the American force sin their operation in Afghanistan. After the defeat of the Afghan Taliban in 2002, many militants from Afghanistan came to Pakistan's tribal areas through a porous border. As Pakistan supported the US War on Terrorism (WoT), a militant insurgency was started in the tribal areas of Pakistan. This research examines the counter-terrorism strategies of the Pakistan army that it implemented from 2009 to 2016. The study explains the military operations of the Pakistan army in former FATA against hardcore terrorist groups like Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other small and affiliated radical organizations. It is analyzed that military operations namely Rah-e-Nijat and Zarb-e-Azb in former FATA with a focus on North and South Waziristan relatively remained successful. Humanity Publications Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-saga-of-decisive-combat-of-pakistan-army-in-north-and-south-waziristan-2009-2016 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393771 2022-03-30 gsssr

The Promulgation of Hindutava Ideology under Secularism's Curtain in the Modi Era Hajra Nasir Mariam Asif Saima Gul Hindutva Secularism RSS Modia Era Gandhi The research article addresses the underline reason for opting for Secularism in India by Nehru.Nehru knew India was a home of people from different cultures, languages, religions, and ethnicities. So,choosing one religion, i.e., Hinduism, would create problems for the rest of the religions, and in the future other religions may ask for a separate country. An aggressive reaction was seen by other parties who wanted to protect Hinduism after the adoption of Secularism in India. Secularism welcomes all religions and allows people of its Nation to live freely by treating everyone equally. Gandhi also announced his view on Secularism and how he considered it a western concept and would not fit in easily. Gandhi believed that you could not separate religion from state policies. Nevertheless, Nehru was more than convinced, so he chose Secularism as an ideology for India. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-promulgation-of-hindutava-ideology-under-secularisms-curtain-in-the-modi-era https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393776 2022-06-30 gsssr

CPEC and Balochistan: Challenges to Security Kishwar Munir Muhammad Faizan Asghar Zainab Ahmed CPEC Balochistan Western Route Geo-politics Geo-economics CPEC is integral to the development, prosperity and security of Pakistan, the Geo-politics and Geo-economics of the region and the vision of the Belt and Road Initiative connecting three continents. Balochistan province is the most important for the realization and perpetuation of this project. The internal security of Balochistan and the involvement of various regional actors complicate the security matrix posing the biggest challenge to the project. However, the project can ensure the security of Balochistan. If neighboring countries are involved in the development and prosperity of the project it can revolutionize the future of the project. Therole of Iran is the most important as it was the major competing country having a role in Afghanistan and close ties with India. Iran joining the project can neutralize major threats to the CPEC. This study is aimed at analyzing the security of CPEC in Balochistan through the matrix of regional actors' interests. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, International Relations Department at School of Integrated Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/cpec-and-balochistan-challenges-to-security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393811 2022-06-30 gsssr

Political Elite and Extremism: A Challenge for the Stability of Pakistan Fozia Bibi Qaiser Iqbal Abida Yousaf Political extremism political parties fanaticism Democratic governments Military The extreme behaviours of Pakistani politicians are another dilemma which is prompting different kinds of extreme norms in Pakistani politics. Moreover, political extremism is another factor which is creating a ground for religious extremism in our country. The focal point of this study lies in many factors which are enhancing extremism in different fields of life: such as lack of trustworthy nationwide political parties, multi-party system, switching parties and affiliation for personal interest, fake promises of politicians before elections, and use of Islam for political purposes. The problem of extremism cannot be eliminated until and unless the Pakistani government will not take proper measure to cope with it. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Rawalpindi Women University, Rwalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of IR, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. In charge, Department of the Economics and Finance, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/political-elite-and-extremism-a-challenge-for-the-stability-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Theorizing Religious Extremism: Causes and Impacts Fozia Bibi Qaiser Iqbal Abia Yousaf Extremism Sectarianism Government Madrassa Impacts Zarb-e-Azab Extremism is a great threat to the security of Pakistan. The growing extremism is affecting all fields of life. In Pakistan, many people have been killed in sectarian violence. Since independence, Pakistan has been confronting the problems of ethnonationalism, sectarianism and extremism. Furthermore, after 9/11 Pakistani society faced a lot of problems due to religious extremism. With the passage of time sectarianism and religious intolerance is enhancing and extremism has deep social, economic and psychological impacts on Pakistani society. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of IR, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Incharge of Economics, Department of Finance, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/theorizing-religious-extremism-causes-and-impacts https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393873 2022-06-30 gsssr

Determinants of Dividend Policy and its Impact on Firm's Value: An Evidence of Automobile Sector in Pakistan Asadullah Memon Arifa Bano Talpur Dividend Policy Stock Price Dividend Yield Retain Earnings DPR Taxation Policy Inflation Linear Regression Sobel Test Research on a company's dividend policy is crucial because it ultimately affects the growth and performance of the company. The study's objective is to determine the variables that affect dividend policy, and both micro and macroeconomic indicators have been selected. Dividend policy is an important factor that successfully mediates the connection between certain economic variables and the firm value. Data were gathered from five publicly traded automobile firms in Pakistan for the years 2011 to 2021. The stock price valuation of automobile companies has been determined using the Linear Regression Model for relationship analysis of variables and the Sobel test method for the mediation impact of dividend policy. The study's findings demonstrate that economic variables like micro and macro include a most important impact on the dividend policy, and the results of the Sobel technique and findings on the stock prices of Pakistan’s automobile firms confirm these findings. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Mehran University, Institute of Science Technology and Development, MUET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mehran University, Institute of Science Technology and Development, MUET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/determinants-of-dividend-policy-and-its-impact-on-firms-value-an-evidence-of-automobile-sector-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394014 2022-06-30 gsssr

A Review of Islamophobic Tropes in The Works of Disgruntled Muslim Inside Saeed Akhtar Adnan Khan Imtiaz Ahmad Stereotypes Multiculturalism Gender Equality Middle Ages Crusader Polemicist Tribal Mentality Fundamentalism Media The ideas of disgruntled individuals can lead to negative stereotypes and misconceptions about the religion and its followers. However, it is important to note that the actions of a few disgruntled Muslims do not represent the beliefs and practices of an elite religious group. Islam, like any other religion, is a complex belief system with a long history and wide range of interpretations and practices. The following research article examines the ideas of two disgruntled writers, namely Irshad Manji and Aryan Hirsi Ali. Because of their insider credentials, they are taken seriously by their non-Muslim audience in the West. Their presentation of Islam persuades the audience that the western worries with regard to Islam are justified and that Islamic worldview is a real threat to the Western values and freedoms. The article concludes that their oversimplistic and Islamophobic narrative regarding the alleged misogyny, violence and backwardness of Islam is untenable  Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor / Lecturer, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-review-of-islamophobic-tropes-in-the-works-of-disgruntled-muslim-inside https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394286 2022-06-30 gsssr

The Imperative Role of the Superior Judiciary & Law Enforcement Agencies in the Rise of Terrorism in Pakistan and Its Eradication Naghma Farid Muhammad Siraj Khan Farhaj Sikander Yar Khan Government initiatives Law enforcement agencies and obligatory vanishing This article shows how important the higher courts and law enforcement agencies were in the rise of terrorism in Pakistan and how important they are in getting rid of it. The goal of the abstract is to give a short summary of the topic and the main points that are talked about in the full paper. Pakistan's national security, peace, and socioeconomic growth have all been threatened by the rise of terrorism. This paper looks at the many ways the Supreme Court, law enforcement agencies, and the rise of terrorism in the country are connected. Supreme Court and High Courts are important parts of the superior court. They are in charge of interpreting and applying the law. But a number of things have made it harder for them to fight terrorists. These reasons include slow justice, not enough resources, and not enough building up of people's skills. The paper talks about how important it is for the legal system to learn more about counterterrorism tactics, speed up court cases, and work more closely with law enforcement. Humanity Publications Lecturer Law College Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer Law College Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-imperative-role-of-the-superior-judiciary-law-enforcement-agencies-in-the-rise-of-terrorism-in-pakistan-and-its-eradication https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394610 2022-06-30 gsssr

Professional Roles and Influences of Journalism in Pakistan Zil e Huma Journalism Influences Watchdog Advocacy Self-censorship Conflict coverage is a tough task for any journalist who is a member of a community or has an affiliation with any of the conflicting parties. Moreover, such events have some moral and professional dilemmas. Such dilemmas create tension between the professionalism of journalists and their feeling for their community. This piece of research, focusing on journalism in Pakistan, explores how reporters think of their position in struggling-affected societies. Face-to-face interviews with journalists explore their reflections and state their roles. The findings display journalists do now not have a black-and-white identity but an unpredictable one. Journalists now affix a position of journalism and relevant concepts in society. Journalism between multiple identities of journalists moves differently depending upon the situation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/professional-roles-and-influences-of-journalism-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394669 2022-06-30 gsssr

Understanding the Overlapping Realms of Climate and Security: Decoding Complex Relationships Muhammad Qasim Khan Areej Shahzad Fakhra Altaf Climate Change Non-traditional Threats Security Climate change's recognition as a security issue has grown, paralleling the trend of treating non- traditional threats as security concerns. This shift has elevated climate change discussions to global platforms. While scholars agree on its potential to destabilize nations and communities, the multifaceted nature of security—spanning personal and collective dimensions—adds complexity. Two key strands emerged: one highlighting catastrophic climate change and the other focusing on human security. The research delves into areas like climate-induced conflicts and securitization, yet consensus remains elusive. Introducing the concept of human agency offers a dynamic approach to climate security discussions. Humanity Publications Executive Director Programs, Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad Pakistan. MS, Department of Politics & IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/understanding-the-overlapping-realms-of-climate-and-security-decoding-complex-relationships https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394764 2019-12-30 gsssr

Pak-Afghan Relations through the Lens of Regional Security Issue Iqra Jathol Muhammad Faisal Nazeer Afghanistan Security Regional The study describes the key challenges and obstacles that have shaped the dynamics between the two countries Pakistan and Afghanistan in the regional security context. By examining the historical, political, economic, and social factors that have influenced their relationship.However, their relationship has been characterized by a mix of cooperation and conflict, with a history of disputes over territory, trade, and religious and ethnic differences. Both countries have suffered from terrorism and militant attacks. The study provides insight into the underlying causes of the persistent tensions and conflicts in the region. Further, it finds how to address these challenges and promote greater cooperation and understanding between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar: Department of Political Science, GCWU, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakafghan-relations-through-the-lens-of-regional-security-issue https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394765 2019-12-30 gsssr

An Analysis of India-Pakistan Relations in the Context of Peace and Harmony in South Asia Tayyab Faiz Humaira Sattar Pakistan India Relations Security Kashmir Issue The history of Indo-Pakistan relations is miserable and complex. The Pakistan-India relations are the actual problem in emerging a shared South Asian outlook and sense of regional community. The Kashmir Issue still is the basis root and sign of mutual hostility and inflexibility.The period of peace and harmony has mostly been affected by Indian threats, pressures and secret activities towards Pakistan. Three wars on different issues including the issue of Kashmir have already been fought between the South Asian states Pakistan and India but they could not start the happy relationship. The study will consist of a qualitative mode to describe and discuss the nature and history of Indo-Pak relations, from the first day of independence of Pakistan and narrate the Pak-India relations in the context of Peace and security dimensions. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, School of international relations, Minhaj University, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-indiapakistan-relations-in-the-context-of-peace-and-harmony-in-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394771 2018-12-30 gsssr

Analyzing the Role of Religion in the Political Structure of Pakistan Zubaida Zafar Sheeba Irfan Mubbshar Ali Religion Politics Pakistan Islamization Religion and politics are two different domains but are correlated in Pakistan by the political elite. Its roots are traced from colonial India where religion had been used to legitimize political actions and energize the public to boost movements. Pakistan being an ideological state prioritizes Islam in all functional institutions and politics remained its epicenter right from the Objective Resolution (1949) which raised the question of minority rights. Later, Bhutto's Islamic Socialism, Zia's Islamization, Moderate Civilian rule, and Musharraf's Enlightened Moderation made the situation even more complex and engendered intolerance and a radical approach which resulted in the tragic incident of Lal Masjid and the emergence of Pakistan Awami Tahreek and Tehreek-e-Labaik Pakistan. Where the real religious issues were left behind and cosmetic approaches and engineered religious leaders directed the general masses that damaged the social fabric of society. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Working at Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-role-of-religion-in-the-political-structure-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394775 2016-12-30 gsssr

Unveiling the Capitalist Crises: A Marxist Perspective Uroosa Ishfaq Kashif Ashfaq Capitalism Marxism Materialism labor theory of value Underconsumptionism This article offers a critical evaluation of the recurring economic crises within the capitalist system through the lens of Marxist theory. It explores how capitalist economies, driven by profit motives and class struggles, inherently generate instability and inequality. It also examines the cyclical nature of financial crises, emphasizing the role of overproduction, exploitation, and the inherent contradictions of capitalism. It underscores how these crises not only impact the working class but also reveal the fundamental flaws of the capitalist system. This Marxist perspective sheds light on the structural issues within capitalism, fuelling ongoing debates about economic and social reform. Humanity Publications Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Junior Research Fellow, Humanity Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/unveiling-the-capitalist-crises-a-marxist-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394779 2018-12-30 gsssr

Role of International Organizations in Collective Security: A Dilemma of International Security Order Uroosa Ishfaq Muneeba Shahid Kashif Ashfaq International Organizations Collective Security League of Nations UN The role of International Organizations in collective security presents a dilemma in the global order. While these organizations aim to promote international security and cooperation, challenges persist in their effectiveness. This article explores the intricate dynamics of international organizations in maintaining peace and addressing security threats. It delves into the complexities of balancing national interests and collective security objectives. It focuses on how the UN and the League of Nations both carry out the concept of collective security. Humanity Publications M Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/role-of-international-organizations-in-collective-security-a-dilemma-of-international-security-order https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395486 2016-12-30 gsssr

National Security Dimensions: A Case of Pakistan Sohail Ahmad Sadia Sohail Security Pakistan Afghanistan Immigration Detention War This study is based on the dimensions of national security. It will discover different dimensions of the national security of Pakistan. National security is an iportant aspect for any state so in this research, we will find out the internal and external dimensions of security. Contemporary democracy perspectives will also be discussed in it. Pakistan has fought a war on terror in its own state. The war in Afghanistan affected Pakistan's security so also faced its consequences. This research paper is an attempt to highlight the issues lying in Pakistan's security and will also focus on Pakistan's government initiatives to counter-terrorism. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Candidate MS, International Relations, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/national-security-dimensions-a-case-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395490 2016-12-30 gsssr

Pakistan’s Security Dilemma Suman Naz Pakistan Internal Security Terrorism and the United States The security of any state remains important and a vital factor for the main key actors of international politics. The rise of terrorism after the American attack on Afghanistan in October 2001 has worsened the security situation of Pakistan to an unprecedented degree. US intervention in Afghanistan has brought a lot of foreign influence in this region but especially in Pakistan because of its special geo-strategic location in the region. Pakistan is facing serious challenges to its security. Ethnicity, sectarianism, and religious extremism are the fundamental variables of internal security threats to Pakistan. This paper argues about internal security threats to Pakistan. The interdependence of these various threats and their overall impact on internal security is the focus of this analysis. Pakistan needs to address and solve these national security threats and find a suitable solution in a reasonable timeframe to find its rightful place in the community of modern nations. Humanity Publications Candidate MS, International Relations, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakistans-security-dilemma https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395885 2021-06-30 gsssr

Militants’ Strategy in Pakistan: Journey from Socio-Cultural Gaps to Narrative Construction and Militancy in Swat Qasim Ali Shah Bahadar Nawab Khan Socio-cultural Gaps Socio-cultural Identity Narrative of Militancy Religious Militancy. In the mid-1990s, a wave of religious extremism started in the Swat valley of northern Pakistan that turned into a violent conflict over the next decade. Generally, the phenomenon of militancy in Swat is considered to be the outcome of a powerful religious narrative that militants floated in the wake of the American war on terror in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Leaving religious extremism aside, this study concentrates on the social and cultural environment that prevailed before the conflict in Swat, providing social gaps to the militants for the success of their narrative. Employing Discourse Analysis and social Constructivism, this qualitative study has used semi-structured interviews as a tool of investigation from systematically selected individuals in Swat. The study reveals that socio-cultural gaps, if left unaddressed, could be detrimental to social order and peace in the future.. Humanity Publications PhD, Scholar, Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/militants-strategy-in-pakistan-journey-from-sociocultural-gaps-to-narrative-construction-and-militancy-in-swat https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(VI-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393893 2022-09-30 gsssr

Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy Abdul waheed Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Umar Climate Change Non-traditional Security Pakistan The biggest challenge of the 21st century is climate change. It is predicted to increase human vulnerability and the frequency and intensity of non-traditional insecurities. Due to its diverse terrain and tropical and continental climates, Pakistan is subject to several climatic and weather-related natural disasters (cold winters and hot summers). It is usual to experience extreme weather, droughts, water logging, landslides, hurricanes, and sea storms. The country's temperature is expected to rise significantly, particularly in the snow-capped mountainous north, accelerating the melting of glaciers and altering the course of the Indus River downstream. This paper examines the non-traditional security threat, namely climate change, and its adverse impacts on the economy of Pakistan. This paper applies the mixed method of research. It concludes that climate change significantly impacts Pakistan's agriculture, forest, livestock, health, etc., as these sectors pay directly or indirectly to the state economy. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of History and Politics, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/climate-change-as-a-nontraditional-security-threat-its-implications-for-pakistans-economy- https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393942 2022-09-30 gsssr

Comprehensive National Defense: Applications for National Defense of Pakistan Muhammad Rehan Zafar Muhammad Yasin Sultan Raja Ayesha Rana Comprehensive National Defense Pakistan Threats Pakistan is a state besieged by many internal and external threats. This paper analyses the relationship between wide-ranging social, structural and economic threats as well as institutional and structural issues that exist within the country's institutional frameworks and seeks to propose adoption a 'Comprehensive National Defense' approach which seeks to integrate the entire military and civilian capacity of a nation in an effort to create an invincible defense. Application of this would require a radical shift from traditional bureaucratic and military structures inherited from the colonial era in an effort to create a more inclusive military and civilian infrastructure capable of thwarting physical and non-physical threats including informational psychological threats. A key aspect of Comprehensive National Defense is enhanced deterrence capability by building infrastructures and institutions as well as training of the general population to ensure the survivability of the state in the eventuality of a full scale or nuclear confrontation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/comprehensive-national-defense-applications-for-national-defense-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:393968 2022-09-30 gsssr

The Politics of Troika: A Case Study of Governance in Pakistan (1947-1969) Javed Ali Kalhoro Azhar Mahmood Abbasi Munazza Mubarak Troika Politics Governance Implications Bureaucracy Military Civilian Federalism with optimum provincial autonomy was the core idea behind the creation of Pakistan. As a symbol of shared sovereignty, federalism was never exercised in Pakistan in its real spirit. Despite apparent federal features during the military as well as democratic regimes, the political culture within the country scraps the dictatorial and centripetal. Pakistan remains unsuccessful to remains a federal state with the autonomy of federating units. This study, therefore, intends to look at the troika politics and governance catastrophe in Pakistan from 1947 to 1969. It also presents an analysis of the power of the Troika, especially in the context of major actors; the executive, the judiciary and most importantly, the legislative in the country. This study also seeks to examine the implications of this process on the political condition of Pakistan. The findings are based on the empirical arguments of prominent scholars. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University Of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University Of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University Of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-politics-of-troika-a-case-study-of-governance-in-pakistan-19471969 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Transformation in the Islamic Identity of Middle East: Motives, Drivers and Impacts Muhammad Khan Transformation Islam Muslims Middle East Identity Secularism Power Play Major Powers West US Vested Powers Indo-Israel etc Ever since the advent of Islam in 7th Century AD, the Middle East maintained its Islamic identity. There have been numerous attempts to alter the Islamic identity of the region in the past. Nevertheless, people resisted the change and their belief system somehow remained unmoved. Owing to its geographical proximity, geopolitical and geo-economic interests, West is considered to be the key driver of making this change in the Islamic identity of the region. Nevertheless, there exists ambiguity and confusion about the transformation, its objectives, patterns and methodology in an environment of international power play in the Middle East. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the identity of the Middle East from three perspectives; a) whether there is an on-going transformation in the Islamic identity of the Middle East, b) what is the philosophy behind this transformation of regional identity, c) and how the transformation will impact the region at: short-term, medium-term and long-term basis. Humanity Publications Professor/ Chairman, Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/transformation-in-the-islamic-identity-of-middle-east-motives-drivers-and-impacts https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Challenge to Unipolar Hegemony: Understanding the contours Sino-Russian Military Cooperation Muhammad Yasin Sultan Raja Muhammad Rehan Zafar Beenish Khan Sino-Russia Military Cooperation International Relations Sino-Russian military cooperation has a long history stemming from their shared ideological leanings during the twentieth century. However, this military cooperation has evolved greatly, especially during the last two decades during which this multifaceted cooperation has emerged as a balancing force to US unipolar hegemony since the end of the cold War. This paper seeks to understand the history, development, and ongoing dynamics of the Chinese and Russian military cooperation that seeks to strategically invalidate the chaos rendered in the wake of US invasions of Iraq, Afghanistan and a host of other interventions throughout the world. This paper also attempts to validate the potential of this cooperation to act as a stabilizing force in the sphere of global politics as the world moves from unipolar hegemony to a skewed multi-polarity in the coming decades. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, NUML, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-challenge-to-unipolar-hegemony-understanding-the-contours-sinorussian-military-cooperation https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Conundrum of Sovereignty and Integration: Examining the Implications of Brexit on International Trade Relations Hazrat Usman Muhammad Junaid Ilyas Muhammad Naseem Anwar Brexit International Trade Relations European Union National Sovereignty The present study explores the conundrum of sovereignty and integration in the aftermath of the Brexit vote and its implications for international trade relations. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the study begins by situating the concept of sovereignty within its historical and philosophical roots. The evolution of integration in Europe and the relationship between sovereignty and integration are also explored. The study then delves into the intricacies of the Brexit process, analyzing its impact on national sovereignty and the European Union. Subsequently, the focus shifts to the impact of Brexit on international trade relations, specifically the relationship between sovereignty and integration in this realm. The implications of Brexit for the United Kingdom and the European Union’s international trade relations are also analyzed, followed by an examination of the impact on global trade relations. The study concludes with a summary of findings, implications for policy and practice, and limitations and future research directions. Humanity Publications Advocate High Court, Punjab Bar Council, Rawalpindi Courts, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Law, University of Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Computer Arts, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-conundrum-of-sovereignty-and-integration-examining-the-implications-of-brexit-on-international-trade-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Sovereignty Evolved: Tracing the Concept's Genealogy Hazrat Usman Raja Ishtiaq Ahmed Nazim Shahab Qamar Sovereignty International Law Globalization Human Rights Artificial Intelligence State Sovereignty This study undertakes a genealogical analysis of the concept of sovereignty, tracing its historical evolution and examining its cultural, political, and technological influences. The study begins with the Westphalian system, which established state sovereignty, and explores how globalization, human rights, environmental issues, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence have affected the concept. The paper also examines the role of international law and institutions in shaping the limits and responsibilities of states in exercising sovereignty. This research argues that sovereignty is a dynamic and evolving concept, shaped by historical, political, and technological developments. By critically analyzing the diverse meanings of sovereignty and its various expressions in international law, this study offers a deeper understanding of the concept and its significance in shaping the modern world. The keywords for this study are sovereignty, international law, globalization, human rights, artificial intelligence, and state sovereignty. Humanity Publications Advocate High Court, Rawalpindi Bar Association, Punjab. Pakistan. Assistant Professor/Head of Department, Department of Law, Mohi Ud Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Assistant Registrar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Information Commission, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/sovereignty-evolved-tracing-the-concepts-genealogy https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Major Powers Rivalries: Analysis of War (Choice or Compulsion) Zeeshan Ahmad Ijaz Khalid Maghfoor Ullah Thucydides Trap China U.S Peaceful Rise Militarized Conflict Superpower Great Power Rivalry. History is consistent with a pattern of the rise and fall of great empires that have dominated the international landscape, but the last five hundred years have simplified an irrefutable arrangement of the rise and fall of great empires. This study explores the rise of China in a historical context and vindicates the hypothetical and theoretical probability of war by using the Thucydides trap in the transition of power from an existing superpower to emerging power. Our results explore that war between the great powers is not a trap created by structural stresses of the international anarchic system, so war is a rational choice for pursuing the strategic goal. Humanity Publications BS Student, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. ssistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. BS Student, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/major-powers-rivalries-analysis-of-war-choice-or-compulsion https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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South China Sea: The Dispute Creates Capital Saima Gul Saima Umar Aftab Alam South China Sea Economic Interests Global Politics Sovereignty Dilemma Armament Maritime Law The South China Sea hosts immensely rich underwater assets and proves to be a commercial gateway for the international community. The 3.5 square kilometers sea is one of the world’s busiest route for ships that holds multiple claims from the bordering states. The territorial claims from the bordering states, its contradiction to the maritime law and the interests of big powers such as USA, Russia and India makes the south china sea clash a hot topic for discussion in the international Relations discourse. Geographically South China Sea is important due to its strategic security issues and the claims somewhat violates the international law. But it is Understandable that the International politics rest upon this contradiction of interests and the South China Sea clash is profitable economically as well as politically. That is why they chose a statues quo and continue creating capital from this maritime conflict. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Phd Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/south-china-sea-the-dispute-creates-capital https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Current Liberal Global Order and Beijing Reaction Ijaz Khalid Munnaza Zeeshan Ahmad China Revisionist Economic Integration Peaceful This paper mainly focuses on rejecting the much-upheld view regarding the rise of China as a global power. It is widely believed that China being a socialist polity will try to overthrow the liberal world order. The paper tries to establish the view that China because of its political priorities will uphold the current system and will emerge as what the Singaporean political analyst, Mahbubani has called the "Asian Inheritors of Western Legacy". The paper explores China's economic engagement with the rest of the world according to the rules of the liberal multilateral world order. It also discusses China's role as a "responsible player" in world affairs. The conclusion arrived at rejecting the position of China as a revisionist power. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor,Department of Political science Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan BS Student, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. BS Student, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/current-liberal-global-order-and-beijing-reaction https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Pakistani Private TV News Channels' Coverage to Military Operation 'Zarb-e-Azb': A Comparative Analysis of the Viewers' Perception Abdul Basit Anjum Zia Shazia Ismail Toor Military Operation ‘Zarb-e-Azb’ The War on Terror Pakistani Media Media Dependency Theory Private TV News Channels ISPR (Inter Services Public Relations) The military operations have exacted serious effects on the socio-psychological structure of society which has led to an overall tense environment. The aim of this study was to explore the public's perspective on Pakistani private TV news channels' coverage of military operation ‘Zarb-e-Azb’. The research sought to understand the public's consumption habits of this coverage, assess the extent to which it fostered a sense of national integration and examine the media's role during the operation. The results showed that the private TV news channels made an effort to portray the ground battle accurately. From the viewers' perspective, the coverage boosted the Pakistani military's morale, improved relations between civil and military groups, and fostered a sense of national unity. Furthermore, viewers believed that the operation effectively eliminated terrorism. Humanity Publications School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakistani-private-tv-news-channels-coverage-to-military-operation-zarbeazb-a-comparative-analysis-of-the-viewers-perception- https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Implications of Drone Strikes on Pakistan during USA War on Terror: An Analysis Imran Wakil Ghulam Mustafa Muhammad Afraz Ansar Khan Implications Counterterrorism Extremism Administration Strategy USA strategists dwelled strategy of drone strikes to kill terrorists in War on Terror. The effectiveness of drone strikes remained debatable both in defense and academic circles. Some have of the opinion that it paid a lot for USA with minimum collateral damage and it helped US forces in locating and targeting terrorists. While some found this strategy ineffective to achieve any noticeable goals Pakistan was effected with this counterterrorism strategy of USA forces. This work is aimed at digging out that how this strategy of tracing and targeting terrorists with drone attacks resulted in severe short as well as long term implications for Pakistan. Data for this work has been collected from different available sources like research articles, books and reports of government agencies. Qualitative data analysis technique has been used for accumulated data to understand the phenomenon in better way. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Political Science, Department of Political Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/implications-of-drone-strikes-on-pakistan-during-usa-war-on-terror-an-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Sino-Israel Relations in a Second Cold War Perspective Tajwar Ali Haseena Sultan Aftab Alam Israel China Second Cold War US All states' foreign policies during the Cold War were influenced by the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. Few nations sided with the USSR, while the vast majority of states in the world supported the United States. The post-Cold War environment has an equal impact on the nature of relations between states. One economic alliance is commanded by the People's Republic of China, while the other is led by the United States. After 1992, economic competition between China and the United States defines the second Cold War. From a second Cold War perspective, this paper claims that the relations between China and Israel face multiple challenges. Israel was the United State's closest ally during the Cold War, and it remains one of the United States's closest allies in the current international context. China is not an old ally of Israel, but the two countries have developed extensive cooperation in many areas in recent years. Economic competition between the United States and China will determine the future of Sino-Israeli relations. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, School of History , Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China. PhD Scholar, School of History , Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China. Research Assistant, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/sinoisrael-relations-in-a-second-cold-war-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Kargil war as Security Deterioration of South Asia Rabia Tahira Mumtaz Muhammad Atif Deterioration Security Region South Asia Kargil India Pakistan Dilemma India and Pakistan are two high risks running in this competitive strategy. Since India and Pakistan appeared as independent States on the World map, South Asian security has been derailing in an unstable and vast shape. Kargil pushes the region towards unease and insecurity. Although India called it a proxy War, which was controlled by Pakistan forces. In Kargil both states showed their presence of their nuclear weapons and exchange threats. Both states were in Competition for winning through their perception of nuclear weapons.There were basically two reasons of Pakistan to fight this particular war (i) Secure Territory (ii) Internationalize the Kashmir issue. Due to the effort of Pakistan Kashmir issue was internationalised in front of world but unfortunately Pakistan was labelled as sponsor of terrorism as well as threats about misuse of its nuclear weapons increased in South Asian region. Deterrence Theory will be used in article. Which involves using military threats/weapons as a mean to deter international crisis. In this research both analytical and descriptive methods will be used. Descriptive analytics is the process of using current and historical data to identify trends and relationships so this is the best suited method to conduct this research. Humanity Publications Associate Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/kargil-war-as-security-deterioration-of-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Influence of Bioterrorism: Challenges and Prospects Bushra Qamar Adeel Irfan Nasra Siddique Bioterrorism Covid-19 biowarfare 5 GW pandemic While terrorism is a crime motivated by politics, ideology, or history, bioterrorism is a more sophisticated kind of terrorism that uses biological agents or toxins to harm humans, other organisms, or the environment. Bioterrorism has spread many diseases, including Anthrax, Plague, Tularemia, Smallpox, Dengue Fever, and COVID-19. Whether bioterrorism is a myth or reality, the acceleration of bioterrorism threats, as seen in the case study of COVID-19, and bringing attention to the consequences of bioterrorism are the goals of this research. Exploratory research is conducted for the purpose of this study. Research problems have been answered using a combination of qualitative, historical, analytical, and predictive methodologies. This research delves into how the COVID-19 Pandemic has affected Pakistan and the rest of the world. Some examples are changes in the tourism industry, public health, education, politics, and the spread of fake news and disinformation. The study brings attention to the possibility of future bioterror attacks in the form of novel diseases propagated through viruses or bacteria, such as COVID-19, which can lead to more catastrophic scenarios. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, School of Political Science, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Head/Assistant Professor, School of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, School of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/influence-of-bioterrorism-challenges-and-prospects https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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'Old' And 'New' Consensus Amidst Us-China Economic Rivalry In The Global South Maryam Nawaz Shireen Mushtaq Washington Consensus Beijing Consensus Global South Development Economic Rivalry There was less critical thinking on the subject of 'development' until it became popular in the 1950s. The proponents of 'development' in world politics ranged from modernization theorists to supporters of democratic development. Both the proponents used the term modernization, development and progress interchangeably in the context of third-world development. Today, in the development studies, where the dependency versus modernization rift still exists, there are other forms of development aspects that have continued to emerge. The 21st-century politics shows the rise of China as a potential competitor to the Western liberal order. The Chinese 'Beijing Consensus' has emerged as an alternative approach towards the dominant Western model of development. This paper uses a range of developmental models and theories to discuss the Politics of Development in the Global South over time and how the Western model of development differs from that of China in the ongoing US-China economic rivalry Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of International Relations at Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations at Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/old-and-new-consensus-amidst-uschina-economic-rivalry-in-the-global-south https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Nuclear Deterrence and Non-proliferation Regime: A Critical Analysis Muhammad Qasim Khan Amna Munawar Khan Basharat Hussain Nuclear Deterrence Non-proliferation Regime Nuclear Proliferation India Pakistan Regional Stability This research paper critically examines the intricate relationship between nuclear deterrence and the non-proliferation regime, focusing on India and Pakistan as a case study. It analyzes the role of the non-proliferation regime in preventing nuclear weapons proliferation and evaluates the motivations for states to acquire such arms. The paper also explores the concept of nuclear deterrence as a strategy for preventing aggression, discussing its effectiveness and limitations in maintaining global security. It delves into how possessing nuclear weapons can impact non-proliferation efforts, both strengthening and weakening them.Through the India-Pakistan case study, the research assesses the dynamics of nuclear deterrence in their bilateral relations and its influence on regional stability. The study evaluates the non-proliferation regime's effectiveness in managing their nuclear capabilities and minimizing conflict risk. These insights are valuable for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners working toward nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation, and global peace. Humanity Publications Executive Director Programs, Centre of Excellence on Countering Violent Extremism, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Quaid-i- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Research Fellow, Global Policy & Research Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/nuclear-deterrence-and-nonproliferation-regime-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Space Militarization- A Peace Hoax Maria Naheed Space Militarization Space Weaponization Security Trilemma in South Asia Space nationalism International Law States' proficiency to promulgate themselves as the hegemon in this contemporary world had encouraged them to expand their military horizon beyond land, air, and water, to maintain deterrence and dominance. The strategic stability order has been compromised by the consistent accumulation of armed satellites, leading towards space weaponization to secure their national sovereignty and integrity. The security trilemma in South Asia surely catered to the challenge with high risks evolving with it, giving rise to multipolarity in this political arena. The intensified commercial space utilization was soon maligned by the integration of nuclear-based satellites which called for the condemnation of the international community against proliferation, introducing major bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties. The manoeuvring of international law according to the major space-faring states had demolished its purpose to serve legally. The limitations in international laws have been found outdated and need modifications according to the advanced deployments of space arms. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Quaid-e- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/space-militarization-a-peace-hoax https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Governance Crisis In Pakistan: Genesis And Solutions Amer Liaquat Chattha Governance Political Instability Transparency Good governance performs an inevitable role in the smooth functioning of a state by ameliorating the livelihood standards of its citizens. Unfortunately, since its inception, governance has been a persistent challenge for Pakistan raising the question of whether the nation is inherently ungovernable. The military's intervention in the democratic process, incompetent political leadership, institutional decay, economic deprivation, corruption, lack of accountability, and absence of rule of law have manifested the trajectory of the democratic country as a crisis-ridden state incapable of good governance. This research paper involves both qualitative and quantitative research methods and discloses the perplexities of the governance crisis, underlying the historical, socioeconomic and political causes while illuminating the solution by offering stability and an efficiency-oriented approach to the problem. Humanity Publications Deputy Director Research, Provincial Assembly of The Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/governance-crisis-in-pakistan-genesis-and-solutions https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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State Legitimacy, Governance, and TTP's Enduring Terrorism Shahzad Akhtar State legitimacy Grievances Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Terrorism Pakistan There is a divided opinion in the existing scholarship about the role of poor governance including socio-economic marginalization and political grievances and their causal link with the occurrence of terrorism. Some scholars argue that socioeconomic deprivation such as poverty and political exclusion are not related to terrorism, while others argue that they provide an enabling environment where terrorist organizations or terrorism thrives. This article argues that peoples' perceptions of socioeconomic grievances and political exclusion or marginalization play a significant role in allowing a terrorist organization to thrive and excel. The TTP has accelerated its terrorist campaign by taking advantage of the weak governance structure in the ex-FATA region and the government's inability to alleviate the suffering of the people due to poor socioeconomic conditions. The TTP highlighted the grievances of the people to enlist their support in fomenting terrorism in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/state-legitimacy-governance-and-ttps-enduring-terrorism https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analyzing the Geostrategic Dynamics in Iraq: Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Pakistan's Response, 2003-2018 Muhammad Irfan Ali Waheed Ahmad Khan Malik Adnan Saudi Arabia Iran Pakistan's Foreign Policy Neutrality Iraq War Rivalry This research is about explaining Pakistan's proclaimed neutral policy towards the Saudi-Iran rivalry in Iraq. Regarding the Middle East, Pakistan's policy of neutrality has been adopted and claimed by Pakistan after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which created an environment in the Middle East where Saudi Arabia and Iran emerged as rival forces in the region. While discussing the roots of neutrality, we found that Pakistan's policy of neutrality was the direct response to power politics between Saudi Arabia and Iran to safeguard its political and economic interests in the Middle East. This study uses qualitative methods. More specifically, John Scott's model of Documentary Analysis is used to explore the nature of the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Iraq and Pakistan's response to it. A historical analysis of different factors demonstrates the extent to which Pakistan can plan, coordinate and execute a clear foreign policy to demonstrate its claim of neutral position. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-geostrategic-dynamics-in-iraq-saudiiranian-rivalry-and-pakistans-response-20032018 https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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CPEC is Blessing for Regional Peace and Prosperity Ayesha Alam Kousar Bibi Abdul Waheed CPEC Economic development Gwadar port CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) is expected to be a significant opportunity to bring peace, development and prosperity to China, Pakistan and the wider region. The CPEC program takes into account a wide range of perspectives, including but not limited to promoting domestic employment prospects and strengthening regional connectivity. The project's ability to handle many political, economic, and geopolitical difficulties and threats facing Pakistan is one of the project's many multifaceted components that are examined in the article, which principally relies on extensive literature research. The goal of the present study was to examine whether the CPEC project could be a practical means of fostering regional peace and development.This paper attempts to examine the importance of the CPEC initiative in developing domestic employment opportunities and enhancing regional connectivity, although considerable work has already been done on the CPEC project. The qualitative method is adopted to deal with the objectives. The article concludes that the CPEC initiative is poised to usher in a new era of economic development and prosperity for the people of Pakistan, thereby serving as a major turning point for the region. In addition, the study identifies several limitations that may warrant further investigation in future research on the topic. Humanity Publications Head of Pakistan Studies, Department, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of History & Politics , The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/cpec-is-blessing-for-regional-peace-and-prosperity https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Russian- Ukraine War and its Impact on the Current World Order Muhammad Atif Bilal Ahmed Abdul Haseeb Khan Russian- Ukraine War New World Order European Union NATO Dollar Dominance Liberal Order The current world order is declining. The rapid decrease in US control and the concurrent expansion of China altered the liberal, rules-based system when first ruled by the Americas and their allies. Frequent financial meltdown, wage stagnation, revived protectionist policies, the COVID-19 disease outbreak and increasing dependence on sanctions imposed have carried the post-cold War era of internationalization to a finish. Moscow’s attack on Ukraine might have revived NATO but also reinforced the East and West divisions. In the meantime, transferring national preferences in several states and intense competition in world affairs have stopped the desire for economic cooperation and censored collaborative initiatives to deal with rising worldwide risks. The global system that will originate from such trends is difficult to forecast. However, it is simple to imagine a much less flourishing and much more dangerous globe defined by incredibly aggressive America and China relations in coming years. The Russian-Ukrain war also brought a remilitarized Europe, more forward geographic and financial alliances, a technology-based real-world split across geostrategic boundaries, and the increasing militarization of trade cooperation for geopolitical endpoints. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Chakwal & International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/russian-ukraine-war-and-its-impact-on-the-current-world-order https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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US-CHINA Rivalry and Press Freedom in the Indo-Pacific Region: A Critical Analysis of Sino-US Media Asfandiyar Muhammad Shahid US-China Indo-Pacific Press Freedom Geopolitics Comparative Analysis In the ongoing power struggle between China and the US, the press plays an important role in shaping narratives on both sides. However, media coverage in the Indo-Pacific is influenced by a number of variables.The research intends to give insights into the relationship between rivalry and media freedom by analyzing the nature of press coverage, prevalent narratives, biases, and obstacles encountered by journalists. The purpose of this research is to examine how media outlets on both sides disseminate their respective governments' Indo-Pacific agendas. It adds to a deeper understanding of the complicated link between the US-China competition and press freedom in the Indo-Pacific region, emphasizing the importance of media independence as well as the necessity for openness and open discussion in order to build a dynamic and informed public conversation in the area. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Journalist, The News International, and PhD Scholar at University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/uschina-rivalry-and-press-freedom-in-the-indopacific-region-a-critical-analysis-of-sinous-media https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Balance-Shifting through 'Soft Tactics': A Case Study of Baloch Insurgency Fakhar u din Adeel Irfan Qadeer Ahmed Baloch Insurgency Irregular Warfare Conflict Nationalist Soft Tactics James D. Kiras This study analyzes the ethnic nationalist movement among Pakistan's Baloch population. The current multifaceted and multi-focused approach of this movement is the result of its development through several periods. Nationalists' use of gentler methods has contributed to the current wave of insurrection. This movement has matured into a class struggle with a militant element that uses both hard and soft tactics to achieve its ends. The advantages and disadvantages of the Baloch Insurgency have been evaluated by looking at how soft tactics fit into the theoretical framework of irregular warfare presented by James D. Kiras. This insurgency has shown, through its use of soft tactics, that it is nearly successful despite the best efforts of law enforcement and the government. The state must guarantee that no resident is without access to food, clothing, and shelter. Local authorities should also discourage nationalist and separatist movements from developing inthe region. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Security Studies, Macquarie University, Australia. Head and Assistant Professor, School of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, School of Peace and Counter-Terrorism Studies, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/balanceshifting-through-soft-tactics-a-case-study-of-baloch-insurgency https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Lord Curzon's Tribal Policy: An Appraisal of its Aims of Securing Pacification and Contentment of Frontier Tribesmen Abida Azeem Afridi Tribal Belt Stationery Policy Forward Policy Punitive Expeditions Uprising of 1897 Tribal Militia The British Empire, which encapsulated one-fourth of humanity, had few difficult frontiers, and the Northwest Frontier figured prominently among these. The Indian subcontinent was the most prized jewel of its coveted crown, and its preservation was considered vital given the influence and power of other European rivals, i.e., French and Russians in the region. Initially, the Inactive or Stationary Policy was pursued, and later in the 1870s, aggressive and penetrative Policy was adopted in the Tribal Belt. The aggressive Forward Policy alienated the tribespeople, which eventually resulted in the uprising of 1897. The British finally realized that only the Policy of contentment and pacification would ensure long-lasting peace and gain the loyalty of the tribe members. Lord Curzon, the expert on frontier affairs, was the main exponent of this Policy of conciliation to win the confidence of the inhabitants of the most sensitive Frontier of the empire. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of History, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/lord-curzons-tribal-policy-an-appraisal-of-its-aims-of-securing-pacification-and-contentment-of-frontier-tribesmen https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Strategic Importance of National Songs in Warfare: A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Remakes in Pakistan Fatima Gill Lubna Batool Cultural Values Multimodal Approach War Songs Patriotism Hybrid War Inculcating the spirit of patriotism and breeding a positive sentiment for war through national songs is a commonplace practice after Second World War. These songs are helpful in developing patriotic morals and cultural values of any nation. Pakistan has fought many wars since its independence and still war is an omnipresent threat. This study analyzes the strategic importance of introducing remakes. For the said purpose, it applies Multimodal discourse analysis to analyze the content of remakes from 2020-2022 national songs. The study evaluates the literature review on three dimensions i.e. Aural, visual and gestural modes. Choral music is a source to influence behaviour and the formation of national identity. Moreover, the remake of songs with the use of new cinematography embeds the memories of colonial injustice and Indian atrocities in youth. Humanity Publications Associate Professor and Principal, Government Graduate College for Women, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/strategic-importance-of-national-songs-in-warfare-a-multimodal-discourse-analysis-of-remakes-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Sino-US Conflict in Hybrid World War Saira Akram Zohaib Ali Khan Muqarrab Akbar US China Hybrid World War New Cold War This article offers a strategy that explores the idea of a Hybrid World War and how it can be applied to the current military struggle between China and the US. The global capitalist system, which arose as a worldwide framework for production, trade, and finance between the 16th and 18th centuries, is factored into the Hybrid World War concept in a way that the new-fangled Cold War was not. In addition to analyzing China's ascent and its global repercussions, this research work also focuses on how the current crisis in the unipolar global order has paved the way for strategic competition between China and US. This theoretical stance provides a new lens through which the US-China rivalry can be examined from several angles beyond conventional rivalry. We can understand the complexities of the ongoing battle between these two global powers by using the Hybrid World War paradigm, which investigates these dimensions. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/sinous-conflict-in-hybrid-world-war https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media Ali Khan Aziz Ur Rahman 0Social Media Polarization Multidimensional Manipulate Strategies Stakeholders This research article investigates the significant role politicians play in exacerbating political polarization through media in the context of Pakistan. Political polarization is a growing concern in many democracies worldwide, and the media's role in reinforcing this division has been widely studied. This study delves into specific instances and strategies employed by politicians in Pakistan to manipulate the media landscape, thereby deepening existing societal divides and contributing to the polarization of the nation. Drawing upon empirical evidence and qualitative analysis, this research article sheds light on the complexities and implications of such actions for democratic processes and national unity. The methodological section reviews the existing academic literature on political polarization, media influence, and the relationship between politicians and the media in the Pakistani context. It draws on previous studies that explore similar topics globally to establish a foundation for the research. The study employs a qualitative research design, including interviews with key stakeholders, content analysis of media coverage, and case studies of specific political events. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/role-of-politicians-in-creating-political-polarization-through-media https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394682 2023-06-30 gsssr

Pakistan's Strategic Calculations and Policy Responses Towards Afghanistan Shahzad Akhtar War on Terror Strategic Rivalry The Afghan Taliban Pakistan Afghanistan Traditionally, Pakistan’s foreign policy responses towards Afghanistan have been predominantly shadowed by the former’s security apprehension towards India and any Indian closeness towards Afghanistan raised serious suspicions in Islamabad. Pakistan’s policy makers continued to see Afghanistan from the Indian prism even after 9/11, even when Pakistan become an ally of the US in the War against Terror to overthrow the Afghan Taliban, Islamabad former ally. As a frontline ally of the US, Pakistan provided all the necessary support to the US to dethrone the Afghan Taliban from Kabul and apprehend Al Qaeda militants. However, Islamabad performance against the War on Terror was compromised when India established a strong foothold in Afghanistan by developing close relations with the Anti Pakistan forces in Afghanistan. This article argues the Pakistan’s strategic calculations demanded the country to maintain an alliance with the US and at the same time to limit Indian role in Afghanistan. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakistans-strategic-calculations-and-policy-responses-towards-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Modus Operandi on Repatriation of Afghan Refugees: A New Wave Towards Peace in Pakistan Iqra Jathol Zahid Yaseen Repatriation Afghan Refugees Afghanistan Pakistan Security Pakistan had a long historical background as a host country for Afghan refugees from the 1970s Soviet-Afghan to after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan. Pakistan has been a host to one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with millions of Afghan refugees living in the country for decades. With the passage of time, Pakistan is facing security threats internal as well as external. So, the presence of millions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan has been questioned by a number of Pakistanis. They are considered a huge burden on the economy, environment and infrastructure of the country. At the time of NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, Several countries and international organizations were involved in efforts to evacuate Afghan refugees and provide them with safe haven. Pakistan has also provided them shelter. Now the government of Pakistan warned and ordered forced repatriation to Afghanistan by October 2023. It planned for 1.73 million illegal Afghan people who are living without any documents. The study finds the problem of Afghan refugees in Pakistan is a social, economic and political threat to the country. However, a great deal of repatriation is another wave towards peace after the decision. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar: Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan HOD/ Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Govt College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/modus-operandi-on-repatriation-of-afghan-refugees-a-new-wave-towards-peace-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395306 2023-06-30 gsssr

Analyzing Digital Propaganda on X through Topic Modelling Approach: The Case of Afghanistan Abdul Wadood Shabir Hussian Digital propaganda India and Pakistan X (Former Twitter) Afghanistan Topic Modelling The dissemination of propaganda has become a formidable weapon, with nation-states exploiting social media platforms to engineer narratives favorable to their geopolitical interests. This study delved into Indo-Pakistan states' orchestrated propaganda in the wake of the Taliban's recapture of Afghanistan. This period is marked by a sophisticated blend of propaganda strategies to mold online discourse. Utilizing a dataset derived from X (formerly Twitter), the research examines how Pakistan and India leveraged information warfare to advance their politico-diplomatic narratives, shedding light on the propaganda strategies of such digital warfare and the emergence of narratives and counter-narratives. The findings highlight the instrumental role of propaganda strategies in amplifying political, diplomatic, security, and humanitarian narratives and manipulating public discourse, with distinct tactics and officially approved state maneuvers identified through the topic modeling and analyzing key strategies of propaganda. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/-analyzing-digital-propaganda-on-x-through-topic-modelling-approach-the-case-of-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394984 2023-09-30 gsssr

Diplomatic Synergy: Pakistan and Russia in the Modern Era Kashif Ashfaq Uroosa Ishfaq Hamza Khan Pakistan Russia Convergence of Interests Diplomatic Ties Security Cooperation Economic Links SCO This article explores the evolving diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Russia in contemporary times. It delves into the strategic cooperative efforts undertaken by both nations to foster regional stability and address common geopolitical challenges. The article examines the historical contexts, geopolitical factors and shared interests that have facilitated this diplomatic synergy. It also highlights the growing economic, military and political cooperation between Pakistan and Russia, illustrating the significance of their evolving partnership in shaping the dynamics of international relations in the modern era. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Graduate, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/diplomatic-synergy-pakistan-and-russia-in-the-modern-era https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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ISIS: A Major Threat to Peace and Security of Middle Eastern Countries Sahibzada Adil Munir ISIS Middle East Radicalization Jihad Caliphate Non-state armed group This study looks into the rise and effects of Mostly in Iraq and Syria, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Middle East. ISIS is a terrorist group that uses illegal and violent tactics to create an Islamic state under a caliphate, posing a danger to regional peace and security. The study investigates the causes of ISIS-related conflicts, their effects on regional security and peace, and how regional rivalries contribute to the rise of terrorist organizations. This paper applies constructivism, using a theoretical and descriptive research technique, to examine the ideological underpinnings of ISIS, recruitment strategies, and the impact of societal norms. The organization's extremist view of Islam is highlighted as the historical background chronicles its origins from its founding in 1999 to its international recognition in 2014. Humanity Publications Department Of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/isis-a-major-threat-to-peace-and-security-of-middle-eastern-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Navigating Pakistan's Economic Crossroads: The Ultimate Panacea for Its Existential Crisis Nosherwan Adil Kashif Ashfaq Muhammad Saad Arshad Economic Problems Fiscal Imbalances External Debt Burden Institutional Reforms Sectoral Diversification Pakistan faces a critical juncture in its economic trajectory, grappling with multifaceted challenges that threaten its stability and growth. This paper presents a holistic solution to the economic problem of the country, offering a multifaceted strategy encompassing macroeconomic stability, human investment capital, institutional reforms, social safety nets, and sectoral diversification. Addressing the root causes of structural weaknesses, fiscal imbalances, and external debt burden, this solution emphasizes the imperative of governance transparency and enhancement, and fostering a domestic environment conducive to investment and growth. Collaboration among diverse stakeholders is pivotal for executing this strategy, aiming to revitalize the economy of Pakistan and ensure sustained prosperity whileprioritizing the well-being of its populace. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/navigating-pakistans-economic-crossroads-the-ultimate-panacea-for-its-existential-crisis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394990 2023-09-30 gsssr

The Rise of Artificial Intelligence: A Comparative Analysis of Use of AI by the Authoritarian and Democratic Regimes for Aggrandizing Social Security Marwa Ayaz Sohail Ahmad Warisha Rashid Artificial intelligence Authoritarian regime Democracy Social Security Throughout the course of history, there has been an advent of technology from time to time which changed the nature and dynamics of power and security. Also, there has been a constant struggle between authoritarianism and democracy as the most suitable system for the world. The technology is Artificial intelligence and the countries offering those two systems are China and USA. The AI race has become a struggle of the system between the two contenders. It is believed that AI would be the driving force for the world. This paper will give a comparative analysis between the Chinese and US-led democratic systems in the use of AI for establishing societal security. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Strategic Studies, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence-a-comparative-analysis-of-use-of-ai-by-the-authoritarian-and-democratic-regimes-for-aggrandizing-social-security https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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China's Role in the Indo-US Strategic Interest in the Indian Ocean Region Muhammad Saad Arshad Syed Shamsuddin Najma Akbar Geo-Strategic Indian Ocean Indo-US Pacific Region The strategic position and economic resources of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) make it a point of contention for both big and regional governments. The United States and India maintain friendly diplomatic and security ties and are regarded as trustworthy strategic partners. Both countries maintained diplomatic ties throughout the Cold War, although India was the USSR's reliable strategic ally at the time. India changed its course and started bolstering its bilateral relations with the US after the Cold War ended. Both states participate in several economic and geopolitical accords. Although the United States and India both have interests in the Indian Ocean area, their interests coincide to counteract China's rise to prominence as an economic force in this region. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, NationalUniversity of Modern Languages Islamabad (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Boys Degree College, Chaman, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Phd Scholar, Departmentof International Relations, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/chinas-role-in-the-indous-strategic-interest-in-the-indian-ocean-region https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394845 2023-12-30 gsssr

Unleashing Transformative Potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Countering Terrorism, Online Radicalisation, Extremism, and Possible Recruitment Muhammad Irfan Ziyad Abdulaziz Almeshal Muhammad Anwar Artificial Intelligence Online Violent Extremism Counter-Narratives Positive Representations Digital Discourse Ethical Utilisation Extremist Ideologies Inclusive Digital Ecosystem Resilient So This research explores the implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in deciphering the multifarious manifestations of online Radicalisation, Extremism, and possible recruitment. It analyses AI's capabilities in disseminating positive representations and counter-narratives, its instrumental role in analysing positive imagery, optimising platform reach, and its pivotal contribution to global efforts to combat online extremism. However, AI's dualistic nature underscores the need for its ethical and responsible utilisation to curb extremist content effectively. It necessitates the development of balanced, nuanced, and coherent approaches, amalgamating enhanced analytical paradigms, collaborative efforts, ethical frameworks, strategic insight, and diversified applications. The formulation of such multifaceted approaches and cohesive strategies is paramount in navigating the intricate terrains of online extremism and in enhancing societal resilience against the proliferation of extremist ideologies. The study concludes that the strategic and ethical deployment of AI technologies is pivotal in reshaping digital discourse and in the collective endeavour to counterbalance extremist ideologies. Humanity Publications Researcher, Quality Support Unit, University of Limerick, Ireland. Lecturer, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/unleashing-transformative-potential-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-countering-terrorism-online-radicalisation-extremism-and-possible-recruitment https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394877 2023-12-30 gsssr

Dynamic Relations: Examining the Evolving Landscape of Pakistan-Poland Relations in the 21st Century - Trade Challenges and Strategic Opportunities Rafaqat Ali Fehmida Muhammad Ismail Pakistan Poland Trade Strategic Refugees Warsaw This research explores the evolving landscape of Pakistan-Poland relations in the 21st century, focusing on both trade challenges and strategic opportunities. Despite the geographical distance, both nations have witnessed a gradual enhancement in diplomatic engagements driven by mutual trade, security, and cultural exchange interests. However, significant hurdles persist, including limited trade volume, bureaucratic complexities, and geopolitical constraints. Examining the possibilities for strategic alliances and economic cooperation, this paper explores the many facets of the bilateral relationship. It provides pathways for promoting stronger ties and overcoming current obstacles by looking at trade dynamics, investment opportunities, and geopolitical alignments. It also evaluates the influence of regional and international factors on Pakistan-Poland ties, highlighting the significance of diplomatic endeavours and institutional frameworks in enhancing bilateral collaboration. In the end, this research illuminates potential areas for future cooperation and mutual gain by providing insights into the opportunities and complications present in Pakistan and Poland's diplomatic relationship. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Global Affairs and Islam, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar. MPhil Scholar, Department of International Studies, Jilin University, China. Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Studies, Karakorum International University Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/dynamic-relations-examining-the-evolving-landscape-of-pakistanpoland-relations-in-the-21st-century-trade-challenges-and-strategic-opportunities https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Analysis of the Dependency Theory Concerning India's Rise in Global Politics and Pakistan's Underdevelopment Sajid Iqbal Dependency India's rise Pakistan's underdevelopment Global Politics. The 1947 partition of British India gave rise to India and Pakistan, both grappling with similar socio-economic and political challenges. Despite shared beginnings, India has outpaced Pakistan in development, emerging as a significant global player. India's success is attributed to its commitment to democracy and secularism, economic progress, strategic positioning, and military prowess. Its diverse population, stable democracy, and expanding middle-class position India as a responsible global actor and a trusted ally for democratic nations. Meanwhile, Pakistan faces hurdles such as mass displacement, ongoing tensions with India, political instability, and societal unrest. Factors like military rule, corruption, inefficiency, and lagging development impede democratic and civil growth. Sectarian tensions, violence, and ties with the United States contribute to Pakistan's slower progress. Dependency theory elucidates Pakistan's underdevelopment and India's ascent, highlighting India's pursuit of economic autonomy and a robust domestic industrial base. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-the-dependency-theory-concerning-indias-rise-in-global-politics-and-pakistans-underdevelopment https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Beyond Borders: The Complexities of Israel-Palestine Antagonism in the Modern Middle East Muhammad Afaq Naveed Khan Sohail Ahmad Aftab Alam eopolitics Dynamics Middle East Israel-Palestine Conflict Emerging Powers State Actors This paper offers a detailed examination of modern geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East, with a focus on the complex and continuing Israel-Palestine conflict. The paper reveals the region's dynamic terrain through an examination of new powers, shifting alliances, and the activities of important state and non-state actors. Turkey, Iran, and the Gulf States have emerged as powerful powers, threatening established power structures. The conflict's complexity is exacerbated by major entities motivated by national interests and security concerns. The theoretical framework of realism is used to understand these actors' intentions and acts. The paper seeks to provide a detailed knowledge of the Middle East's geopolitical developments by diving into historical and current factors. Despite certain limits in data dependence and conflict complexity, this study provides valuable insights into the complicated tapestry of the Israel-Palestine conflict within the larger domain of international politics. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Fellow, Department of International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/beyond-borders-the-complexities-of-israelpalestine-antagonism-in-the-modern-middle-east https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:394988 2023-12-30 gsssr

The Threat of Transnational Terrorism: Exploring the Global and Regional Impact of Boko Haram and Al-shabab Sahibzada Adil Munir Boko Haram Al Shabab Terrorist Organizations Socio Economic Strategic goals Local communities Al-Shabaab is an example of a transnational terrorist organisation that has grown because of intricate historical, political, and socioeconomic reasons. Even though each group has its distinct history and traits, they all share certain similar beliefs, strategies, and goals. This chapter will look at how much regional and international security is being threatened by transnational terrorist organisations like Boko Haram and Al-Shabab, the local branches of Islamic State and Al-Qaeda. This chapter emphasises the tremendous influence these organisations have on local communities, governments, and international relations by studying their backgrounds, goals, strategies, and methods of taking advantage of weaknesses and conflicts. The case studies offered provide a greater comprehension of the local and global effects of their actions. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department Of International Relations, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-threat-of-transnational-terrorism-exploring-the-global-and-regional-impact-of-boko-haram-and-alshabab https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Cross Domain Deterrence in Asia Pacific and Indian Ocean Region Sheikh Ghulam Jilani Deterrence Cross Domain Deterrence US China India Pakistan and Strategic Stability Deterrence as a concept is deeply rooted in human nature and for a considerable time it was contested and jilted, yet it resurfaced in one way or the other. Nuclear weapons became the backbone of the concept of Deterrence. Due to the inherent dynamism of Revolution in Military Affairs, the supremacy of Nuclear is being challenged with the advent of the latest technologies which are acting as enablers and disruptors. The concept of Cross DomainDeterrence emerged a decade ago, took shape, and entered the strategic lexicon. It has enablers and drivers, while a gradual shift in this direction is visible. While remaining within the ambit of complex interdependence theory given by Robert O Keohane and Joseph S Nye. This article examines the applicability of Cross-Domain Deterrence in the Asia Pacific and Indian Ocean Region focusing on the US, China, India, and Pak to identify the need to look beyond the horizon and embrace the change. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Strategic Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/cross-domain-deterrence-in-asia-pacific-and-indian-ocean-region https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Nature of INDO-US Maritime Cooperation Ashfaq Ahmad Indo-Pacific National Security Navigation Counterterrorism Indo-US maritime cooperation is a symbol of a strategic alliance built on shared geopolitical interests and a commitment to preserving peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region. Two major maritime powers, India and the United States, have come to understand the value of cooperating to find solutions to pressing problems including disaster assistance, freedom of navigation, maritime security, and counterterrorism. This cooperation is exemplified by joint naval drills, intelligence exchange, and technology transfer, all of which are indicative of a common understanding of the significance of the maritime domain in global affairs. The alliance aims to safeguard maritime commons, promote economic expansion, and advance a norm-based international order. Combining their naval force allows both nations to respond to emerging threats and preserve regional peace. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/nature-of-indous-maritime-cooperation https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Understanding the US-China Clashes over Taiwan and the Battle for Chip Technology Muhammad Raheel Bushra Shaukat Saba Gul US-China Relations Economic Military New Cold War Taiwan The objective of this thesis is to examine the escalating conflict between the United States and China about Taiwan, a longstanding problem that has contributed to the strained and diminished relations between these two major countries. This matter pertains to the first stage of a potential military confrontation among the main global powers, which may also include other significant states. Furthermore, this study also examines the emerging dispute around technology and Taiwan's control over this technology. This research aims to analyze the involvement of the United States in the war under consideration, as well as to propose and advocate for crucial policies that might effectively prevent the recurrence of such a violent conflict in the future. Moreover, this analysis elucidates the vested interests of the involved nations and highlights the potential for a peaceful resolution to facilitate future growth. Additionally, it underscores the intensifying global competition for crucial technologies upon which the whole world relies. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/understanding-the-uschina-clashes-over-taiwan-and-the-battle-for-chip-technology https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Cyber Threats to Iran from USA and Israel: Counter Strategies by Iran Urwa Sajjad Ahmed Abbasi Cyber Warfare Peace Stability Cyber- attacks Strategic Weapon Capabilities US Foreign Policy Counter Measures The escalating prominence of cyber security issues worldwide has intensified concerns about cyber warfare within the context of the strained relationships among the United States, Israel, and Iran. The hypothesis posits that cyber warfare is inevitable and could lead to catastrophic consequences. Using qualitative research methods from secondary sources like books, journals, etc., this study aims to elucidate the nature of these threats. The research delves into research questions i.e. What are the fundamental cyber warfare strategies employed by the United States, Israel, and Iran, and how they contribute to the escalating tensions among them? How do cyber threats originating from the USA and Israel impact Iran's national security? What are the possible future outcomes of cyber warfare between these nations? Despite limitations such as observational and descriptive study constraints, thematic focus on the security dynamics between these nations, this research contributes to understanding the evolving landscape of cyber security. Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, School of Politics and International Relation, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/cyber-threats-to-iran-from-usa-and-israel-counter-strategies-by-iran https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Para-diplomacy's Role in Central Asian Transboundary Water Cooperation: An Assessment of Subnational Actors Hamza Mehmood Syed Shamsuddin Laiba Ali Para Diplomacy Transboundary Water Cooperation Subnational Actors Central Asia Water Management Regional Governance This paper aims at identifying how Para diplomacy influences the Transboundary Water Cooperation in Central Asia with a special reference to the non-state and sub-state actors. This research aims at finding out what para diplomacy is, why it is done, the benefits and the risks associated with doing para diplomacy especially in managing the shared water resources. The research method used in the study combines the scenario mapping, typology analysis, and comparative case studies in order to obtain data from the Central Asian context. Thus, the reason for the findings is to increase an understanding of the Para diplomacy enhancement of transboundary water security. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of International Relations, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Political Science, Government Boys Degree College, Chaman, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/paradiplomacys-role-in-central-asian-transboundary-water-cooperation-an-assessment-of-subnational-actors https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Possession of Nuclear Deterrence as Security Dilemma: Impacting Regional Stability of South Asia Maryam Ali Ghulam Mustafa Fatima Rasheed Ahmad Nuclear Deterrence India Pakistan Regional South Asia Security Dilemma Regional Stability This paper uses qualitative research tools to unearth the nuanced features of nuclear deterrence and security dilemmas in South Asia. The study focuses on India and Pakistan's nuclear capabilities, the historical background of nuclearization, the basics of deterrence in today's context as well as an elaborate analysis of their security landscape. The research focuses on the more complex question of ‘Nuclear Strategy and Regional Stability: What is India Thinking?’ in its precis, and involves qualitative analysis through case studies like the Kargil Conflict. The paper elaborates further on the part of international actors with reference to nuclear non-proliferation and potential challenges in the days ahead. By prioritizing qualitative data, this paper shows that the security dilemma remains a potent force and one that requires collective endeavors to address regional insecurities and foster greater peace across South Asia. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/possession-of-nuclear-deterrence-as-security-dilemma-impacting-regional-stability-of-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Strategic Dynamics: An Analysis of the US War in Afghanistan Ammad Ashraf Muhammad Saad Arshad Aneela Kiran USA Afghanistan Pakistan War on Terror Impacts on Pakistan Afghanistan has been in a state of perpetual civil war since the late 1970s, marked by foreign occupation in the form of two invasions: the Soviet invasion in 1979 and the US-led invasion in 2001 that overthrew the Taliban administration. Afghanistan's ability to affect neighboring countries' politics and societies has increased its significance. This study uses information gathered from secondary sources to examine the causes of the US war on terror in Afghanistan and how it has affected Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages (Mirpur Campus) NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/strategic-dynamics-an-analysis-of-the-us-war-in-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Role of AI in Hybrid Warfare: A Case Study of Pakistan's Cybersecurity Landscape Hira Bashir Wajiha Zarish Rimsha Malik AI Cyber-Warfare Cyber Terrorism Pakistan Hybrid Warfare Technological advancements driven by artificial intelligence (AI) impact social, economic, and military sectors. This research paper explores the relationship between AI and cybersecurity in hybrid warfare. While AI boosts economic development and social betterment, its militarization poses significant risks, especially in asymmetric warfare, where AI-guided attacks can undermine targeted states' economies, infrastructure, and institutions. The paper emphasizes the role of neural network technologies in cyber operations and defense strategies. The absence of legal norms for AI in military actions exacerbates the threat of cyber-terrorism. Focusing on Pakistan's weak cyberinfrastructure, the paper highlights the challenges and opportunities for nuclear-armed states. To strengthen the argument this study implies the case study of Pakistan which faces serious cyber-attacks and cyber operations. Pakistan is known as a theater of Hybrid warfare. So these cyber-attacks and other hybrid strategies can be used against Pakistan to paralyze it. Humanity Publications Associate Research Officer, Centre for International Strategic Studies, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Research Officer, Centre for International Strategic Studies, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-ai-in-hybrid-warfare-a-case-study-of-pakistans-cybersecurity-landscape https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Environmental Challenge as a Common Threat Impacting Maritime Security Operations Abdur Rehman Mohammad Irfan Ali Sadaf irtaza Indian Ocean. Environment. Pollution. Climate Change. Maritime Security. Naval Operations This research employs document studies to investigate the significant environmental and climate change threats facing the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The littoral states of the IOR contribute to oceanic contamination through poor sanitation, inadequate waste management, and increased waste production due to population expansion. The resulting ocean pollution severely impacts marine ecosystems, depleting fish species and threatening food sources and livelihoods for coastal populations. Additionally, climate change exacerbates human migration and poses risks to maritime security and naval operations by increasing atmospheric and sea temperatures. The study highlights the need for collaborative efforts among IOR states to address these environmental challenges, emphasizing that the  consequences of one state's environmental practices can affect the entire region. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department Of Media Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/environmental-challenge-as-a-common-threat-impacting-maritime-security-operations https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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China's Geostrategic Interests in the Indian Ocean Region: Implications for Regional Security and Sino- Indian Relations Sahera Khatoon Hamna Khan Nadira Shafi China Indian Ocean Regional security Maritime Silk Road Over the last decade, China has increased its footprint and economic power in the Indian Ocean by expanding its influence there. Critical concerns in the Indian Ocean pose a danger to regional security, according to this research. Realist theoryassesses China's economic and military achievements. There is a real possibility that unchecked Chinese development into the Indian Ocean would turn the entire ocean into a "Chinese lake," opening up trade along the Maritime Silk Road. A coalition of impacted and compatible governments is necessary to safeguard maritime interests against China's aggressiveness. The mixed approach employed literature and survey data for qualitative and quantitative research. Basic random sampling was used to sample 150 Lahore residents. Those who are active in policymaking and marine governance are the target audience for these findings, which are meant to educate them on the geopolitical shifts and what they represent for the future of the sector. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer , Department of Pakistan Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/chinas-geostrategic-interests-in-the-indian-ocean-region-implications-for-regional-security-and-sino-indian-relations https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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China's Expanding Influence in the Asia-Pacific: Strategic Implications for the United States Muhammad Soban Arif Qasim Shahzad Gill Ghulam Mustafa Asia-Pacific United States Strategic Implications Diplomatic Relations The United States is increasingly active in the Asia-Pacific  region to safeguard its global interests. As China’s economic power grows, it is posing challenges to U.S. hegemony. In response, the U.S. has formed alliances like AUKUS and the QUAD, emphasizing its Asia-Pacific policy to counter China. In contrast, China is expanding its economic influence by investing in infrastructure projects and the BRICS bank. China’s strategic approach, akin to Sun Tzu’s principles, aims to position opponents in situations with no escape. Both countries find themselves in Thucydides’ trap, where conflict seems inevitable. Geoeconomic interests now play a crucial role, shifting the focus away from traditional battlefield warfare due to nuclear deterrence. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD, Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/chinas-expanding-influence-in-the-asiapacific-strategic-implications-for-the-united-states https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The US-China Trade War in the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis Hareem Asif Muhammad Huzaifa Shahzad Bilal Bin Liaqat USA China Economic War GDP Hegemony Growing Economies China is a growing economy in the 21st Century with 18,536 (USD billion) GDP in 2024 while the USA is in rank 1st with 28,783(USD billion) GDP. Both Powers are trying to indulge other countries in economic deals. BRI, CPEC, and many other projects started by China to open the world market and expand trade. It's a check for the Economic Hegemonic design of the USA. Both Countries are trying to level each other. The rivalry between the US and China is going verse day by day and it is impacting on hegemony of other developing states. The purpose of this qualitative research is to elucidate the US-China trade war in the 21st century in the global world and how it is affecting the others actors in the World. Humanity Publications Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Undergraduate, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-uschina-trade-war-in-the-21st-century-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Controversial Hypercritical Examination of Cybersecurity Policies in Pakistan that Cannot Be Ignored Rana Zaheer ud din Ahmad Mirza Shahid Rizwan Baig Digital Information Cyberattacks Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Legal Frameworks Economic Activities Critical Infrastructure Communication Dynamics National Security Pakistan has witnessed a very fast digit transformation. The present article explains how this new technology has affected economic activities, critical infrastructure management, and communication dynamics in Pakistan. Without a doubt, digital infrastructure provides a way for the communication and interaction, which are also increasingly being targeted by hackers, cybercriminals, state proxy and governments. Resolving these risks involves a multi-dimensional solution that includes technical, organizational, and legal remedies. Moreover, the interplay of cyber law and cybersecurity occupies a paramount position as regards the safety of personal, organizational, and national data that are often the target of growing cyber threats. Through the discussion of the developing context of cyber incidents and the significant role of the legal and security environment, the article focuses on the aforesaid issue, the lack of proactive measures that should be taken to combat cyber risks and safeguard the integrity of the digital world. Humanity Publications Advocate, High Court, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/a-controversial-hypercritical-examination-of-cybersecurity-policies-in-pakistan-that-cannot-be-ignored https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395190 2024-06-30 gsssr

Rise of Hindutva and the Security Architecture of South Asia Ahmad Ali Fajar Nadeem Mehwish Tufail India Hindutva BJP Nationalism Pakistan Extremism Terrorism Communal Violence Regional Implications The rise of Hindutva ideology is likely to alter secular India into a parochial Hindu nation by inducing a wave of militant nationalism across the state, which can potentially imperil the peace of South Asia. The aim of the study is to evaluate India's hegemonic stance, analyzing medieval and contemporary factors behind the surge of Hindu nationalism. It seeks to comprehend the core principles of Hindutva ideology through in-depth historical scrutiny, aiming to demonstrate its origins rooted in religious intolerance. Elaborating on the institutionalization of Hindutva ideology by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government, this paper comprehensively explains the erosion of democratic and secular institutions, the upsurge in communal violence, constraints on dissent, and the enactment of discriminatory legislation, ultimately characterizing India as an electoral autocracy (Biswas, 2021). Employing the theoretical framework of instrumentalism, the paper highlights the ramifications of extreme right-wing politics on the Indian polity. Humanity Publications Research Analyst, R&D (Research & Development) Branch, National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) Islamabad, Pakistan. Analyst, National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA), Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/rise-of-hindutva-and-the-security-architecture-of-south-asia https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Countering Climate Change and Emergency Preparedness: A Review of Pakistan National Climate Change Policy Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Mian Haris Farooq Raziq Hussain Climate Change Pakistan National Climate Change Policy Disaster Emergency Preparedness Climate Change is said to have posed itself as an existential threat to life on the planet Earth. It has been reported that during the last 200 years, the impact of human activity has become so immense that now credible scientific research and sources are consternating the conscience of humanity at a rigorous rate to call for joint platforms for action irrespective of regions and geolocations. Pakistan is pigeonholed among the top ten countries that are surmised to be affected if appropriate measures are failed or delayed on behalf of the government. The aim of the paper is to review the emergency preparedness of the Government's existing public policy on climate change. Among other sub- aims, authors were inclined to hash out the policy covers provided to improving institutional capacity regarding any likely emergencies as well as possible lags that may run devastative in failing to resist any potential natural calamity. Humanity Publications Associate Professor & Chairman, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Head of Department (HOD), Department of International Relations, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/countering-climate-change-and-emergency-preparedness-a-review-of-pakistan-national-climate-change-policy https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The US Policy Pitfalls in Afghanistan and Their Impacts on the Resurgence of the Taliban Deedar Karim Jawad Jabbar Trauma Afghans Frustration Taliban Aggression Coercion Detentions Corruption Injustice The US stayed in Afghanistan for two decades, but the Taliban's insurgency didn't decrease. Instead, each year, the Taliban grew stronger against the both National forces. Notably, the dysfunctions experienced under Republican governments, as well as the coercive tactics employed by US and Afghan national forces, such as night raids, unlawful detentions, cum with bribery, unemployment, poverty, nepotism in both public and private spheres, and rampant injustice, furthered the frustration among Afghan citizens. As a result, many Afghans, driven by their frustration, joined the Taliban against both the US, Afghan national forces, and republican governments to reclaim their due rights and outpour the aggression. Under these circumstances, the Taliban strategically capitalized on a range of persuasive tactics to entice and captivate the Afghans. The multifaceted approach played a significant role in drawing these individuals towards the Taliban's cause and cementing their allegiance in the face of mounting frustrations and grievances. Humanity Publications Research Associate, South Asia Times (SAT), Islamabad, Pakistan. Parliamentary Associate, Parliament of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-us-policy-pitfalls-in-afghanistan-and-their-impacts-on-the-resurgence-of-the-taliban https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395229 2024-06-30 gsssr

The Acquisition of Modern Technologies by the Indian Military: Strategic Security and Geopolitical Implications for Pakistan Ahmad Farooq Indian Military Modernization Strategic Stability Nuclear deterrence A comprehensive military modernization plan is being followed by India; despite many regional impediments it has acquired enough state-of-the-art weapons in various fields. Resultantly this has enhanced the insecurity spectrum in the region and Pakistan in particular. In this regard, strategic stability and balance of power in the South Asia region particularly among Pakistan and India is muddling. In the light of geostrategic compulsions, India has been successful in receiving unflinching assistance, especially from the US-led Western world primarily against China. Furthermore, one of the most regional impediments is a perpetual arms race in the region which is considered to be an eminent challenge for regional development and prosperity. However, the spillover effect of foreign-backed Indian military modernization has posed certain compulsions on Pakistan to enhance its military capability. Such regional developments are exponentially maximizing the existing vacuum triggered by territorial conflicts and ideological differences between Pakistan and India. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar (IR), Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-acquisition-of-modern-technologies-by-the-indian-military-strategic-security-and-geopolitical-implications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395238 2024-06-30 gsssr

Pak- US Alliance Against War on Terror and its Impacts on Pakistan Abdul Saboor Jan Azmat Ali Shah Saima Razzaq Khan Pak-US Relations Impacts of WOT Security Perceptions The relationship has developed throughout the years based on mutual regard and economics rather than transactions, despite being one of Pakistan's first official relationships. Strategically, they have always required one another. The United States wanted Pakistan to prevent the Soviet Union from gaining power, while Pakistan sought to resolve issues generated by its uneven defense with India. The two countries were interdependent due to the fact that the United States required Pakistan to fulfill its economic demands and strategic objectives and Pakistan needed the United States to ensure its security. Pakistan and the United States have discovered methods to collaborate on Afghanistan. When it comes to economic and strategic collaboration, the United States remains skeptical of Pakistan and China. This gives the impression that Washington is trying to appease Beijing with its policy toward Pakistan. Since the United States is ignoring India, Pakistan is concerned for its own safety. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department Of Political Science, Qurtuba University Of Science & Information Technology Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department Of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science& Information Technology Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Department Of Political Science, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pak-us-alliance-against-war-on-terror-and-its-impacts-on-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395302 2024-09-30 gsssr

Green Economic Policies for Sustainable Development: Implications for Addressing Public Health and Poverty Shahbaz Sharif Mahwish Ahmed Alvi Muhammad Zeeshan Naseer Public Health Policy Global Poverty Social Determinants of Health Green Economic Policies Socioeconomic Strategies Green economic policies play a critical role for sustainable development, in the fight against global poverty due to the disparity in health problems that continue to fuel poverty. This paper, however, assesses the effectiveness of these policies and particularly focuses on how the social determinants of health are dealt with in relation to the implementation of the policies in different global setups. By applying a mixed-methods approach, including the analysis of the quantitative data extracted from sources such as the World Health Organization, and the establishment of the qualitative insights with interviews with the experts, the research identifies significant regional disparities in the effectiveness of the policies: while strong health systems within the high-income countries, in connection with the active public health policies, have brought the health outcomes closer to ideal and reduced poverty, the same cannot be said for the low- and middle-income countries. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Commerce, University of the Punjab ( Jhelum Campus), Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Psychology, FG Degree College for Women Kohat Cant, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/green-economic-policies-for-sustainable-development-implications-for-addressing-public-health-and-poverty https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395303 2024-09-30 gsssr

Nuclear Proliferation and International Security Case Studies of Iran and North Korea Waheed Jan Muhammad Fahim Khan Naila Farooq North Korea Iran Nuclear Power Security UN War The widespread existence of weapons presents a threat, to global security as evidenced by the circumstances involving Iran and North Korea. Both countries pursued nuclear policies, leading to regional and global conflict. Rightly needing peace, Iran’s nuclear energy has faced international skepticism, resulting in sanctions and the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action to Control its Nuclear Activities (JCPOA) but the effectiveness of "the JCPOA remains controversial", worrying Iran to comply according to the law. In contrast, North Korea's nuclear program is growing more military, with many tests of nuclear weapons and missile launches in defiance of UN resolutions. Despite international attempts, including treaties and penalties, North Korea's nuclear development continues to deteriorate, defying global non-proliferation rules. Global security requires better international collaboration, robust verification methods, and long-term transnational solutions. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil, International Relations, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. MPhil, International Relations, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/nuclear-proliferation-and-international-security-case-studies-of-iran-and-north-korea https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395339 2024-09-30 gsssr

International Responses over Nontraditional Security Threats: A Comparative Analysis into Rational and Sources Farman Ullah Muhammad Zeeshan Naseer Abdul Haq Nontraditional Security Threats International Cooperation Climate Change Pandemics Cyber Security Global Governance Multilateral Responses Adaptive Governance Security Frameworks Public Healt Security concerns of the contemporary period have gone beyond the traditional form of existential threats caused by conventional military forces to a vast range of non-conventional security concerns, including climate change, pandemics, and cyber threats. The direct spillover effects of these non-traditional security issues do not just influence national relations but require global cooperation and a comprehensive approach. In conclusion, increased international cooperation will be essential along with the principle of equitable resource distribution and the pursuit of novel technological solutions to attain lasting resilience against NTS threats. As such pressures on human security continue to unfold, it is critical that the global community facilitate adaptive measures and strong frameworks for global security and stability. This paper represents the value added to the scientific debate on nontraditional security, as effectiveness is linked to international responses, with further recommendations for better action toward implementation. Humanity Publications MPhil, Political Science, Gomal University D I Khan, Lecturer Govt. Degree College Sarai Naurang, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Department: Higher Education, Govt. MAO Graduate College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Master (International Relations), School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), Jilin University, Chaoyang,Changchun, China. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/international-responses-over-nontraditional-security-threats-a-comparative-analysis-into-rational-and-sources https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395374 2024-09-30 gsssr

Pak-France Relations During 21st Century: Strategic Alliances and Bilateral Cooperation Muhammad Ali Raza Tariq Ghulam Mustafa Muhammad Shabbir Pak-France Relations Political Ideologies Security Matters Economic Regulations Foreign Policy This research aims to critically analyse the bilateral relations between France and Pakistan during the 21st century. It emphasizes political, economic, social, cultural and military relationships between the two countries. Its purposes are to demonstrate the political ideologies and foreign policy objectives that influence Pakistan-France relations, to examine the nature of economic ties between Pakistan and France, to analyse the patterns of trade and investment that changed over time, to evaluate the Pakistan-France collaboration on military and security matters, and other key areas of cooperation, and to elucidate Pakistan-France political relations, the influence of pressure groups(political and religious) on their relationship, and to imposing allegations on France as a result of religious disparity in Pakistan. This study concludes that Pakistan and France are having high time collaborations in various sectors with a particular focus on working together in the fields of nuclear technology, defence cooperation, and resolving global security issues. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/pakfrance-relations-during-21st-century-strategic-alliances-and-bilateral-cooperation https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395451 2024-09-30 gsssr

Security Challenges Faced by Pakistan during the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan Muhammad Yasin Sultan Raja Tahir Jamil Security Challenges Soviet Occupation Invasion Military Infrastructure Hegemonic Ambitions The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 was one of the most cataclysmic events of the Cold War, sending shockwaves across the globe. It brought the imminent reality of communist expansion toward the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. As Afghanistan's next-door neighbor, Pakistan shared a long border and over a century of historical ties, making it particularly vulnerable to the Soviet invasion. Pakistan confronted a two-pronged danger: from the east, with India, and from the west, with the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan. Relations between the Soviet Union and Pakistan were complex at the time of the invasion, largely due to Pakistan's close ties with the West, particularly the United States, which was the Soviet Union's main rival during the Cold War. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Area Study Centre for Africa, North and South America, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Area Study Centre for Africa, North and South America, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/security-challenges-faced-by-pakistan-during-the-soviet-occupation-of-afghanistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395452 2024-09-30 gsssr

The Acquisition of Modern Technologies by the Indian Military: Strategic Security and Geopolitical Implications for Pakistan Ahmad Farooq Muhammad khan Indian Military Modernization Strategic Stability Nuclear Deterrence A comprehensive military modernization plan is being followed by India; despite many regional impediments it has acquired enough state-of-the-art weapons in various fields. Resultantly this has enhanced the insecurity spectrum in the region and Pakistan in particular. In this regard, strategic stability and balance of power in the South Asia region particularly among Pakistan and India is muddling. In the light of geostrategic compulsions, India has been successful in receiving unflinching assistance, especially from the US-led Western world primarily against China. Furthermore, one of the most regional impediments is a perpetual arms race in the region which is considered to be an eminent challenge for regional development and prosperity. However, the spillover effect of foreign-backed Indian military modernization has posed certain compulsions on Pakistan to enhance its military capability. Such regional developments are exponentially maximizing the existing vacuum triggered by territorial conflicts and ideological differences between Pakistan and India. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar (IR), Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations, international Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/the-acquisition-of-modern-technologies-by-the-indian-military-strategic-security-and-geopolitical-implications-for-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395659 2024-09-30 gsssr

Decolonizing International Relations: The Intellectual Contribution and Challenge of the Global South Ramsha Qaiser Non-Western International Relations (IR) Decolonization Eurocentrism in IR Epistemologies Postcolonial IR Theory Asian and African Contributions to IR Colonial Legacies The prevalent liberal realist and constructivist viewpoints in international relations theories are all derived from Western customs and experiences. As reflections of a world shaped and ruled by the Western colonial powers, the Treaty of Westphalia, the Congress of Vienna, the two World Wars, and the Cold War are all starting points for discussions in the field of international relations. As a reaction to the predominance of Western viewpoints in international relations non-Western theory of international relations has become more prominent in recent years. This is because it challenges the marginalization of non-Western knowledge and promotes decolonization. This paper highlights Asian and African contributions to IR theory, critiques colonialism's lasting impact on the Global South, and explores strategies to challenge Eurocentrism. It promotes inclusive, decolonized knowledge production by emphasizing non-Western perspectives and alternative epistemologies in a field traditionally dominated by Western thought. Humanity Publications Faculty Member, Department of International Relations, Quaid-e-Azam University and Comsats University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/decolonizing-international-relations-the-intellectual-contribution-and-challenge-of-the-global-south https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(IX-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gsssrjournal.com:395696 2025-03-30 gsssr

Between Fear and Strategy: How Inescapable is the Security Dilemma? Muhammad Dawood Khan Security Dilemma Signalling Anarchy Realism This paper provides a scholarly discourse on the lasting importance and theoretical complexity of the security dilemma in international relations. Taking inspiration from classical realism, neorealism, and social constructivism, it extrapolates the dual dimensions of the dilemma in terms of interpretation and response, signifying the process in which uncertainty and fear can enforce self-reinforcing spirals that lead to an arms race and mistrust among states. The paper further tries to evaluate how to mitigate or transcend the security dilemma through the mechanisms of offense-defence differentiation, mechanisms of signalling, and the evolution of interpersonal understanding among states. By comprehending the discourse around weapon categorization, reliability of signalling, ontological meaning for states, and trust formation, the paper challenges the fatalistic perceptions and proposes that agency, identity establishment, and joint security measures can decrease insecurity. Conclusively, the paper argues that the security dilemma is primarily escapable. Humanity Publications Graduate, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. 2025-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gsssrjournal.com/article/between-fear-and-strategy-how-inescapable-is-the-security-dilemma https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2025(X-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Strategic & Security Studies Review Volume 10, Issue 1 Pakistan