ROLE OF POLITICIANS IN CREATING POLITICAL POLARIZATION THROUGH MEDIA

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).08      10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).08      Published : Jun 2023
Authored by : Ali Khan , Aziz Ur Rahman

08 Pages : 71-79

References

  • Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is polarization a myth? The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542– 555. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080493
  • Adam, L. A., & Glance, N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 US election: divided they blog. In Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery (pp. 36-43).
  • Aday, S. (2010). Leading the Charge: Media, Elites, and the Use of Emotion in Stimulating Rally Effects in Wartime. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 440–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01489.x
  • Ahmad, A. (2020). “Sell-outs, Fatsos or Whores?”: Representation of Politically Active Pakistani Women on Social Media. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 4(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-i)04
  • Ahmed, S., & Skoric, M. M. (2014). My Name Is Khan: The Use of Twitter in the Campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2014.282
  • Ahmed, S., Jaidka, K., & Cho, J. (2016). The 2014 Indian elections on Twitter: A comparison of campaign strategies of political parties. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 1071–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.03.002
  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • An, J., Quercia, D., & Crowcroft, J. (2013). Fragmented social media: a look into selective exposure to political news. In Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 51- 52).
  • Ayanso, A., Cho, D. I., & Lertwachara, K. (2013). Information and Communications Technology Development and the Digital Divide: A Global and Regional Assessment. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.797378
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200507
  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
  • Barnidge, M. (2016). Exposure to Political Disagreement in Social Media Versus Face-to-Face and Anonymous Online Settings. Political Communication, 34(2), 302–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1235639
  • Baum, M. A. (2011). Soft news goes to war. Princeton University Press.
  • Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (2008). New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication, 25(4), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802426965
  • Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2010). MyFaceTube Politics: Social networking websites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 24-44
  • Bennett, S., & Newman, G. (2003). A Fair Deal for Territory Voters?
  • Bennett, S. E. (2003). Is the public’s ignorance of politics trivial? Critical Review, 15(3–4), 307– 337. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810308443585
  • Bernhardt, D., Krasa, S., & Polborn, M. (2008). Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5-6), 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.006
  • Bilal, M., Asif, S., Yousuf, S., & Afzal, U. (2018, November). 2018 Pakistan General Election: Understanding the Predictive Power of Social Media. In 2018 12th International Conference on Mathematics, Actuarial Science, Computer Science, and Statistics (MACS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  • Bode, L. (2016). Pruning the news feed: Unfriending and unfollowing political content on social media. Research & Politics, 3(3), 205316801666187. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016661873
  • Bonchek, M. S. (1997). From broadcast to netcast: The Internet and the flow of political information. Harvard University.
  • Bonsón, E., Royo, S., & Ratkai, M. (2015). Citizens’ engagement on local governments’ Facebook sites. An empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types in Western Europe. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.001
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2017). Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(40), 10612– 10617. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706588114among US demographic groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(40), 10612– 10617. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706588114
  • Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). The global organization of social media disinformation campaigns. Journal of International Affairs, 71(1.5), 23-32. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67cd8a98-8b3c-45c0-b07f-5e25b25ea67a
  • Brown, M. B. (2006). Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation*. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(2), 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00245.x
  • Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “Difference” in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x
  • Bucy, E. P. (2003). Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000202
  • Cacciatore, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2015). The End of Framing as we Know it … and the Future of Media Effects. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
  • Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and polarization: Evidence from the introduction of broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79-92
  • Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008). Is polarization a myth? The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542– 555. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381608080493
  • Adam, L. A., & Glance, N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 US election: divided they blog. In Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery (pp. 36-43).
  • Aday, S. (2010). Leading the Charge: Media, Elites, and the Use of Emotion in Stimulating Rally Effects in Wartime. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 440–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01489.x
  • Ahmad, A. (2020). “Sell-outs, Fatsos or Whores?”: Representation of Politically Active Pakistani Women on Social Media. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 4(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-i)04
  • Ahmed, S., & Skoric, M. M. (2014). My Name Is Khan: The Use of Twitter in the Campaign for 2013 Pakistan General Election. 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2014.282
  • Ahmed, S., Jaidka, K., & Cho, J. (2016). The 2014 Indian elections on Twitter: A comparison of campaign strategies of political parties. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 1071–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.03.002
  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • An, J., Quercia, D., & Crowcroft, J. (2013). Fragmented social media: a look into selective exposure to political news. In Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 51- 52).
  • Ayanso, A., Cho, D. I., & Lertwachara, K. (2013). Information and Communications Technology Development and the Digital Divide: A Global and Regional Assessment. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.797378
  • Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of Political Polarization. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 784–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200507
  • Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594620
  • Barnidge, M. (2016). Exposure to Political Disagreement in Social Media Versus Face-to-Face and Anonymous Online Settings. Political Communication, 34(2), 302–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1235639
  • Baum, M. A. (2011). Soft news goes to war. Princeton University Press.
  • Baum, M. A., & Groeling, T. (2008). New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication, 25(4), 345–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802426965
  • Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2010). MyFaceTube Politics: Social networking websites and political engagement of young adults. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 24-44
  • Bennett, S., & Newman, G. (2003). A Fair Deal for Territory Voters?
  • Bennett, S. E. (2003). Is the public’s ignorance of politics trivial? Critical Review, 15(3–4), 307– 337. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810308443585
  • Bernhardt, D., Krasa, S., & Polborn, M. (2008). Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5-6), 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.006
  • Bilal, M., Asif, S., Yousuf, S., & Afzal, U. (2018, November). 2018 Pakistan General Election: Understanding the Predictive Power of Social Media. In 2018 12th International Conference on Mathematics, Actuarial Science, Computer Science, and Statistics (MACS) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
  • Bode, L. (2016). Pruning the news feed: Unfriending and unfollowing political content on social media. Research & Politics, 3(3), 205316801666187. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016661873
  • Bonchek, M. S. (1997). From broadcast to netcast: The Internet and the flow of political information. Harvard University.
  • Bonsón, E., Royo, S., & Ratkai, M. (2015). Citizens’ engagement on local governments’ Facebook sites. An empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types in Western Europe. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.001
  • Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2017). Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(40), 10612– 10617. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706588114among US demographic groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(40), 10612– 10617. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706588114
  • Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). The global organization of social media disinformation campaigns. Journal of International Affairs, 71(1.5), 23-32. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:67cd8a98-8b3c-45c0-b07f-5e25b25ea67a
  • Brown, M. B. (2006). Survey Article: Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation*. Journal of Political Philosophy, 14(2), 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00245.x
  • Brundidge, J. (2010). Encountering “Difference” in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks. Journal of Communication, 60(4), 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x
  • Bucy, E. P. (2003). Media Credibility Reconsidered: Synergy Effects between On-Air and Online News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000202
  • Cacciatore, M. A., Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2015). The End of Framing as we Know it … and the Future of Media Effects. Mass Communication and Society, 19(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
  • Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and polarization: Evidence from the introduction of broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79-92

Cite this article

    CHICAGO : Khan, Ali, and Aziz Ur Rahman. 2023. "Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII (II): 71-79 doi: 10.31703/gsssr.2023(VIII-II).08
    HARVARD : KHAN, A. & RAHMAN, A. U. 2023. Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII, 71-79.
    MHRA : Khan, Ali, and Aziz Ur Rahman. 2023. "Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII: 71-79
    MLA : Khan, Ali, and Aziz Ur Rahman. "Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII.II (2023): 71-79 Print.
    OXFORD : Khan, Ali and Rahman, Aziz Ur (2023), "Role of Politicians in Creating Political Polarization through Media", Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VIII (II), 71-79