Abstract

This research explores the evolving landscape of Pakistan-Poland relations in the 21st century, focusing on both trade challenges and strategic opportunities. Despite the geographical distance, both nations have witnessed a gradual enhancement in diplomatic engagements driven by mutual trade, security, and cultural exchange interests. However, significant hurdles persist, including limited trade volume, bureaucratic complexities, and geopolitical constraints. Examining the possibilities for strategic alliances and economic cooperation, this paper explores the many facets of the bilateral relationship. It provides pathways for promoting stronger ties and overcoming current obstacles by looking at trade dynamics, investment opportunities, and geopolitical alignments. It also evaluates the influence of regional and international factors on Pakistan-Poland ties, highlighting the significance of diplomatic endeavours and institutional frameworks in enhancing bilateral collaboration. In the end, this research illuminates potential areas for future cooperation and mutual gain by providing insights into the opportunities and complications present in Pakistan and Poland's diplomatic relationship.

Key Words

Pakistan, Poland, Trade, Strategic, Refugees, Warsaw

Introduction

Poland and Pakistan have had a long-standing friendship from their preliminary times. A formal diplomatic relationship between the two nations was established in 1962, and Pakistan became one of the first Muslim nations to constitute amicable ties with Poland. People in the two nations had had relations stretching back to the 1940s when Karachi served as a sanctuary for roughly 30,000 Polish refugees fleeing the Second World War. After World War II, Polish pilots, aviation engineers, and technicians continued to reside in Pakistan and, in 1956, received honorary citizenship (Seminar, 2020). More than 30,000 Eastern Polish refugees made Karachi their home during the crises of WW II, which has been a part of Pakistan since 1947. Some of them stayed in Karachi and eventually joined the newly formed state as citizens. Poland serves as a bridge to Central and Eastern Europe and has a sizeable market. Poland is a nation in central Europe with a population of about 38 million people; it makes Poland the sixth-largest in the European Union. Poland's kingdom was created in the tenth century, marking the nation's founding. The founding of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 marked the pinnacle of the state's development and territorial expansion. In 1795, the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia all annexed parts of Poland, which signalled the beginning of the decline of the monarchy. Freedom was regained in 1918 but lost again in 1939 after the invasions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Poland was a Soviet satellite state after the Second World War until the communist dictatorship collapsed in 1989 when the transition to parliamentary democracy started. The development of the educational system was greatly influenced by the nation's complex history. It is clear that key historical occurrences in Poland, such as the country's separation or the rise of Soviet rule, had a considerable impact on the priorities and organizations of education. As a result, there are different stages in the development of the national education system (Ashfaq, 2023).

Poland managed to smoothly transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic style of government starting in 1989. The foundational principles of the state were formed to be democratic, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and unification. 

Poland joined the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 1991, 1995, and 1991. The apex of Poland's foreign policy accomplishments was its accession to the European Union in 2004, NATO in 1999, and finally, the Schengen Area in 2007. Poland's position in international affairs and the basis of its foreign policy were most strongly influenced by its membership in the EU and NATO. The stated objectives of Poland's foreign policy, as specified in its constitution from 1997, were the preservation of the state's territorial integrity, security, and sovereignty. Poland believes that NATO should be used to create its security strategy in collaboration with the US. On the other hand, the EU provided the resources and opportunities required for the country's rapid general development (Shah, S. S. H. 2023).

 Poland pays the highest price for Russian natural gas in all of Europe. Because it was interested in the potential creation of a common energy supply system, Poland sought a more thorough energy solidarity provision for the EU. Poland claims that the clause should go into effect whenever one member state's supply of natural gas is shut off. According to some scholars, establishing a single energy market helps to decrease the risk that Russia will try to blackmail the countries of Eastern Europe, which would then enhance the likelihood that the entire EU will be involved (Roman, 2009).

Since the 1940s, Pakistan and Poland have enjoyed bilateral links; these relationships are referred to as Pakistan-Poland relations. Liaquat Ali Khan, the first prime minister of Pakistan after it gained its independence on August 14, 1947, formed the first diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of Poland. Pakistan established diplomatic ties with Poland's then-communist government on December 17, 1962, making it one of the first Muslim countries to do so. In 1962, Poland opened an embassy in Karachi; however, in 1965, it was moved to the capital of Islamabad. Pakistan's embassy in Warsaw was officially opened in 1969. Polish representatives currently also operate cultural and honorary consulates generals in Karachi and Lahore, respectively. Between August 24, 1942, and December 31, 1944, around 30,000 Polish refugees from the USSR were moved through Iran's "Persian Corridor." Their new home and refugee camp for nearly 30,000 of them was in Karachi (then a part of British India), which was the closest significant port. Some of them continued to reside in Karachi, and the newly created State of Pakistan granted them citizenship in 1947. In the course of World War II, some people were temporarily housed in Karachi, the primary port in the area that would later become Pakistan. Because of its past and position, Poland has long prioritized security considerations in its foreign policy. The problem of the EU's ability to provide security and its capability for defence has been of the highest significance to every government. The adoption of national security plan texts in 2007 and 2014 aided the development of a European security policy. Poland pushed for the Lisbon Treaty's provision demanding defence-related cooperation (1888). It has frequently advocated for the revision and development of the EU's security and defence strategy, and it supported the passage of the security and defence proposal put forth by France during its presidency in 2008; the security system of any nation has a vital role in the national and international level to show their own capacity, (Conference, 2014).

Objectives of the Study

Evaluate the diplomatic connections between 

Poland and Pakistan by examining their historical background and trade patterns to find obstacles and chances for mutual economic advancement. In addition to assessing cultural exchanges to improve people-to-people interactions, investigate strategic objectives, such as security issues and alignment with international organizations. Furthermore, it resolves diplomatic obstacles by suggesting mutual understanding and conflict settlement approaches.

Methodology of Study

First, a thorough literature study is conducted to set the scene. Next, mixed-method data gathering, which includes interviews and statistical analysis, is carried out. Economic approaches evaluate trade patterns, whereas historical analysis tracks the development of linkages. Strategic instruments assess interests, cultural evaluations look at exchanges, and diplomatic analysis pinpoints areas of cooperation and difficulty. By enhancing comprehension, comparative analysis helps predict future paths and compile suggestions for stakeholders.

Literature Review

Poland, which has a land area of 120,726 square 

miles and ranks as the 63rd-largest nation in the world and the ninth-largest in Europe, is one of the largest countries in Central Europe, and its population is 38.38 million. Lithuania is to the northeast, Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave, is to the east, the Czech Republic and Slovakia are to the south, Ukraine and Belarus are to the east, and Germany is to the west. Its northern border is the Baltic Sea. Poland has a 400–440 km diameter and is nearly square in shape (Dylikowa, 1973). Poland has a total area of 322,575 km2. Its territorial sea measures 8682 km2, internal marine waters are 2005 km2, and its landmass is 311 888 km2. 3,511 kilometres make up the boundary, of which 440 km are at sea, and 3071 km are on land. Poland shares borders with Germany (a distance of 796 km), Slovakia (541 km), Ukraine (535 km), Belarus (418 km), Lithuania (210 km), and Russia (a distance of 210,  ( Dylik, 1953).

Pakistan occupies a historic and significant position in Asia. China and the Central Asian states are immediate neighbours. In the northeast, it has a common border of about 500 km. In the North West, the narrow link of the Soviet Union, the nearest point of the two countries is only 16 to 19 km, and the farthest is about 80 km. Immediately after the occupation of Afghanistan in December 1979, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed the Wakhan area to directly rest its borders on Pakistan's northern borders (Kureshy, 1977); the annexation of Wakhan gave a strategic edge to the Soviet Union over Pakistan China. Pakistan shares a 1610 km border with India, a 585 km border with China, a 2252 km long common border with Afghanistan, and an 805 km long border with Iran. The length of its Arabian coast is 700 km. North Pakistan is separated from Tajikistan by a narrow strip of Afghan territory called the Wakhan Belt (Rabbani, 2012).

Trade Relations between Pakistan and Poland

Poland's position in international relations and the foundation of its foreign policy is most strongly determined by its participation in the EU and NATO. The protection of the state's sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity were the stated goals of Poland's foreign policy, as stated in its constitution from 1997. More so than at any other time in its history, Poland was thought to enjoy a very high level of security. Relations with all neighbours were cordial, there were no boundary issues, and there was little concern over a potential Polish attack. Polish efforts to improve its security strategy have been centred since 2014. One of the highest ratios in Europe is that of the security budget in Poland, which is 1.8% of GDP. The new Law and Justice administration has suspended these plans, which were supposed to increase this number to 2% starting in 2016. Poland and Pakistan are collaborating more economically. Our commercial turnover passed the €500 million mark in 2018, and we are still growing. It is noteworthy that Polish firms affiliated with the Polish Oil and Gas Company group have been operating in Pakistan for more than 20 years in the fields of energy and natural resource exploration.

The Leader of the House in the Senate, Senator Dr Shahzad Wasim, received a visit from Polish Ambassador H. E. Maciej Pisarski on February 21, 2022, at his home. The two men spoke about ways to strengthen and further develop the relationship between Pakistan and Poland. Pakistan values this relationship, which is built on mutual trust. Diplomatic ties between Pakistan and Poland have existed for many years, and both countries place emphasis on these relationships. A link between the two nations is being built by the Pakistani community in Poland. He claimed that there was room to increase trade volume significantly and that there was a need to enhance parliamentary, diplomatic, and political ties. Commerce operations may be boosted by quickening delegation exchanges for business and trade. While supporting Dr. Shahzad Wasim's viewpoints, the Polish Ambassador stated that Pakistan and Poland are close allies and that both nations are actively advancing their economic relations (The Nation, 2022).

According to the Nation (Pakistan) newspaper, Polish links are highly valued by Pakistan, according to President Dr Arif Alvi, who expressed a desire to see trade, the economy, and interpersonal interactions between the two countries grow. When Dr Khalid Hussain Memon, Pakistan's future ambassador to the Republic of Poland, paid him a visit at Aiwan-e-Sadr, the President made these remarks. In his conversation with the Ambassador-designate, the President emphasized the need to create a Joint Business Forum and encourage collaboration with Polish businesses in the energy sector (Haider, 2022).

On March 23, 2022, Ambassador Maciej Pisarski emphasized his eagerness to expand bilateral trade. In the fiscal year 2021–2022, total bilateral commerce between Pakistan and Poland was estimated to be $506.6 million, making Poland Pakistan's seventh-largest trading partner in the European Union, Poland, which gets 80% of its energy from coal and helps Pakistan in this area because it has large coal reserves, said minister Qamar, (Haider, 2022).

Convention Taxation Trade Agreement

The first Convention between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Polish Peoples Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Income, during the tenure of Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a trade partnership was established between Pakistan and Poland. On September 25, 1974, Poland and Pakistan agreed to a trade pact for the avoidance of double taxation. On January 25, 1975, Pakistan and Poland also inked a maritime trade pact. On September 30, 1977, a deal governing civil aviation was signed (Convention, 1974).

According to the ISPR, The military's media wing announced on Thursday that Pakistan and Poland had decided to improve their bilateral ties in several areas, particularly in the areas of security and defence. The agreement was reached, according to Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), at a meeting between Polish Ambassador Mr Piotr A Opalinski and Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Qamar Javed Bajwa at General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi. Topics of mutual interest, regional security, and improved bilateral and defence cooperation between the two countries were discussed during the meeting. "Pakistan appreciates its connections with Poland, which are anchored by mutual trust and significant historical grounds," emphasized the requirement for enhancing bilateral ties with Poland. COAS Bajwa added that the two nations share strategic interests on a number of security-related matters, including the battle against terrorism. According to the ISPR, the two nations also decided to strengthen their defence and security ties. The dignitary who was in town praised Pakistan for its efforts to stabilize the situation in the area, particularly the Afghan Peace Process (The Nation, 2022).

Poland's central geographic position within Europe alone suggests that it has significant potential for global trade. The trade volume has remained below $370 million throughout the years, and the relationship between the two countries is non-traditional. The bilateral trade balance has favoured Pakistan throughout the years, and in 2020, Pakistan exported goods worth $265.5 million. With a compound annual growth rate of 5%, the trade volume has increased from $258 million in 2016 to $359 million in 2020. On the other hand, exports to Poland have shown a rising tendency, while imports from Poland have remained erratic throughout the research (Report, 2020).

Deep commercial relations exist between the two nations. Trade between Pakistan and Poland is thought to be worth more than $500 million at the moment. Poland assisted Pakistan in obtaining the EU GSP Plus program as a member of the European Union. The fact that Polish flag vessels used to occupy about 30% of the berths at Karachi Port till the early 1990s, Cooperation between Pakistan and Poland in commerce has tremendously aided the growth of trade to and from Pakistan. It's interesting to note that Poland also produced the identification chip used in Pakistani passports' customizable page. More recently, one of the Polish IT firms also made a contribution to the study on how to improve Pakistan's cellular networks in light of 5G aspirations (Seminar, 2020).

Poland Exports In 2020

? Cereals 4%, Man-made staple fibers 3%, Furniture; bedding, mattresses 2%, Optical, photographic, cinematographic 2%, Articles of apparel not knitted 31%, Other made-up textile articles 30%

? Cotton 10%, Articles of leather 9%, Articles of apparel knitted 8%, Cereals 4%, Man-made staple fibers 3%, Furniture; bedding, mattresses 2%, Optical, photographic, cinematographic 2%, Products of animal origin,1 %, (Report, 2020).

Strategic Relations between Poland and Pakistan

Strong defence cooperation has existed between Pakistan and Poland since the 1950s. Polish officers, pilots, and technicians from the RAF (Royal Air Force) were recommended by the British Air Force Command in 1947 to join the Pakistan Air Force. Under the command of Squadron Leader Wladyslaw Josef Marian Turowicz, who was both a pilot and an engineer, a group of thirty people, 17 pilots, and 13 technicians, decided to join the Pakistan Air Force. In defending Pakistan's airspace, they were of utmost importance. The most noteworthy of them was Turowicz, who founded technical schools in Karachi, renovated the Pakistan Air Force Academy, oversaw SUPARCO (the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission), and rose to the position of Deputy Chief of Air Staff. Wladyslaw Josef Marian Turowicz trained a large number of Air Force officers and commanders. He took part in the wars of 1965 and 1970, as well as the space program. He also supported Pakistan's nuclear development. Numerous important honours, including the Sitara-e-Pakistan and the Sitara-i-Khidmat, were given to him (Report of Seminar, 2020).

The Polish officers actively participated in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War by directing and supervising air war operations against the Indian Air Force. The Polish soldiers provided defence for West Pakistan and Lahore. Fruits, particularly dates and mangoes, are among Pakistan's significant exports to Poland, according to Mr. Farooq, ambassador of Pakistan to Poland, who spoke at the youth conference. According to Ambassador Opalinski, one of the chances for greater cooperation is the geo-economic direction of Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan's present plan. In order to give Pakistan access to the EU market, he also mentioned Poland's ideal position as a possible export hub (Wojciech, 2022).

During the meeting, matters of mutual interest, regional security, and enhanced bilateral and defence cooperation.COAS Bajwa further said that both countries have a convergence of strategic interests on a range of security issues, including the fight against terrorism. The ISPR added that both countries agreed to expand defence and security relations further. The visiting dignitary appreciated Pakistan's efforts to bring peace and stability to the region, especially the Afghan Peace Process.

In the context of national security, both countries have convergence in their policies and threat perceptions. In this changing world, both are encountering traditional and non-traditional challenges. In Pakistan’s national security, Pakistan not only has a traditional military challenge but also multiple non-traditional challenges. At the hypothetical level, both countries have a convergence of thinking about how they are looking at things together. A second important area of strategic convergence is that both countries are working on peace-building in different regions. In this area, both countries can work together while strengthening bilateral relations.

Figure 1



This is the best illustration of friendship between Pakistan and Poland; following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Poland was one of the major donors of relief to Pakistan. Military engineers, geologists, and rescue dogs were dispatched from Poland. Poland provided aid to Pakistan so that the earthquake-damaged cities could be rebuilt.

General (R) Pervez Musharraf Visited to Poland

The president of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, visited Poland on a state visit on April 23, 2007, and President Kaczyski met with him. The two Presidents had a private conversation after the official welcome ceremony in the Presidential Palace garden. The sixth-largest nation in the globe, Pakistan is one of the most significant nations in the world, Mr. President of the Republic of Poland and Mrs. Kaczyska said. The topography of Pakistan also has an impact on those regions of the world where history is being made, which emphasizes its significance. In other words, a companion who is actually very important to us is visiting us today. President Pervez Musharraf’s 2007 tour to Poland marked the start of a more active relationship that was not feasible during the Cold War. The first contemporary network that we’ve started focuses on military collaboration and was only recently founded. President Musharraf's presidency saw a strengthening of ties between the two nations. When Pakistani Taliban terrorists kidnapped and brutally killed a Polish engineer named Piotr Stanczak in September 2008, tensions arose between these tight relationships (website of the President, 2007). The Five bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding (MoUs) encompassing beneficial cooperation in the areas of military, small and medium-sized enterprises, education, research, culture, and economic cooperation were signed with the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry.

Figure 2



Result and Discussions of Study

Pakistan and Poland both faced several probabilities and complications in the 21st century in national and international arenas. Warsaw and Islamabad both play important roles because of their strategic locations. They are important in industries such as energy, digital technology, cars, manufacturing, commodities, pharmacy, agriculture, and tourism. In order to solve the energy shortage, Pakistan exports coal to Poland. Pakistan has a huge amount of coal, sports items, and soap products to export. The military, economy, security, and educational sectors are the areas where the two countries can collaborate and further strengthen their ties. 

Polish territory will allow Pakistan to conduct smooth trade with other European nations in the future, which will make Poland the greatest market for Pakistan. Poland can carry out its exports via Pakistan to its Asian neighbours, including South Asia, West Asia, and Central Asia, and it also has a vital opportunity to utilize Pakistani territory by strengthening bilateral relations.

By using three distinct routes, Pakistan can carry out trade with Poland;

? Pakistan via Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, and then Poland.

? Pakistan via China, Russia, Ukraine, and to Poland 

? Pakistan via the proposed Wakhan Corridor to Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Lithuania, and Poland, 

? Pakistan cannot link through the Baltic Sea, which the Russian region uses.

Pakistan and Poland face numerous domestic and international challenges in the twenty-first century.

? Poland's membership in NATO and the USA, and Russia presents hurdles for Pakistan and Poland in their potential commercial and strategic relations; on the other hand, Pakistan appreciates positive connections with both countries.

? Due to the dispute between the USA and Russia, and because Poland is a part of the US alliance, land trading will grow more perilous in the future.

? Pakistan will use China's land route to trade by transporting commodities and transportation in the future, and because their long friendship never ends in disputes, China plays a crucial role in this land route.

? In the future, Pakistan will change its foreign policy position in favour of China, Iran, and Russia before turning its back on Poland's relationship with Pakistan and siding with the US.

? Pakistan and Poland don't have geological neighbourhoods because their ties are dependent on other countries like the United States, Russia, China, Ukraine, and Belarus.

? In order for both countries to preserve positive relations, the ideologies of communism and capitalism block need to be balanced in the future.

? India can create hurdles in the trade between these two nations because India doesn’t want Pakistan to be a developed country.

Recommendations of Study

? To increase their influence and build more reliable relationships worldwide, Pakistan and Poland must sign a friendship agreement. Mutual trust is necessary for Poland and Pakistan's future.

? Due to their geographical location, both countries have played a crucial role. Both countries have a golden opportunity to gain advantages and benefits in the global economy. Poland's favourable position makes it a potential export hub to Pakistan and South Asian countries.

? Poland needs access to South Asian countries for trade, which is possible because of Pakistan's advantageous geographic location. To increase trade, both countries must have to work together.

? The development of relations between Poland and Pakistan has largely depended on student exchange programs. A crucial part of bridging the gap between the two countries is played by the Polish and Pakistani communities.

? There was a need to intensify parliamentary, diplomatic, and political ties, and there was also an opportunity to grow trade and address security concerns.

? Pakistan will, in the future, boost Poland's coal exports in the energy sector. It will create a Joint Business Forum and encourage cooperation for further bilateral trade and economic connections in the future.

? The bilateral agenda was primarily focused on developing people-to-people connections, political and military discussions, and economic collaboration.

The two countries have challenges and opportunities in the changing world; in the international arena, every state has its own interest, and every state plays a vital role in international trade and strategic aspects. However, both nations have built their trust further to enhance their deep friendship and future trade. Pakistan has vital opportunities to increase its trade with Poland and other European nations by using Poland's land and the Baltic Sea. In South Asia, Pakistan also can become an advantageous and lucrative market for Poland. By using Pakistani territory, Poland also can link with Central Asian nations, China, Iran, and India.

Conclusion

Pakistan and Poland are two sovereign states continents of Europe and Asia. Both nations have geographical importance in their regions. Pakistan is surrounded by three nuclear power states: China, India, and Poland. It is surrounded by Germany, Ukraine, Russia, and the Baltic Sea. This is a good chance for Pakistan to trade with Poland through land routes by passing through different nations, like China, Russia, and Ukraine, and then Poland. Pakistan has good relations with these countries, particularly with China. Poland established links with Pakistan when Pakistan held its independence; Pakistan has provided asylum to Polish refugees in Karachi and in other Pakistani cities as well. Following Pakistan's independence, the Polish Air Force aided Pakistan in the war of 1965; apart from the Indo-Pak war, in 2005, when Pakistan occupied Kashmir and was hit by an exterminating earthquake, Poland also assisted and showed generosity towards Pakistan. It has provided much economic and humanitarian aid then.

A commercial agreement existed between Pakistan and Poland during the tenure of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as prime minister of Pakistan. To improve relations between the two countries, Islamabad and Poland signed three agreements between 1974 and 1977, the most important Trade agreements, marine agreements, and civil aviation agreements. When General R. Pervez Musharraf made his first official three-day visit to Poland in Pakistan's history in April 2007, these two nation's relations took a step forward. President Lech Kaczynski and Pervez Musharraf met and penned down a variety of trade and strategic agreements. The five bilateral agreements cover a variety of topics, including trade, defence science, education, and economic cooperation.

During the rule of former Prime Minister Imran Khan and current Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, relations between the two countries improved. The commander of the army, General Qamar Javed Bajwa, desires to counterfeit close connections with Poland. Piotr Opalinski, the Polish ambassador, and Bajwa met at GHQ Rawalpindi to talk about Pakistan and Poland's strategic ties and how they could be strengthened in the future. At the General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi, General Qamar Javed Bajwa met with Mr. Piotr A. Opalinski, the Polish ambassador. Pakistan appreciates its relations with Poland, which are founded by mutual trust and solid historical foundations. Topics of mutual interest, regional security, and greater bilateral and defence cooperation between the two nations were discussed during the meeting. In order to establish lasting friendship, Pakistan and Poland needed to cultivate mutual trust and faith. The signing of a treaty of friendship and confidence was necessary for both nations' strategic and trade relations to be further improved. The positive ties between Pakistan and Poland continue to strengthen.

The long-standing brotherly ties between Pakistan and Poland will endure and open up new possibilities for collaboration. To manage non-traditional security challenges, both nations must cooperate and learn from one another. Poland and Pakistan can work together on initiatives that focus on the needs; Pakistan and Poland still have more room to grow their relationship and their scope of collaboration through people-to-people connections. We are both optimistically looking forward to the future and confident that the youth of today will shape it in a way that promotes growth, cooperation, and peace for the next generations.

Pakistan and Poland have deep and strongest future implications of these mutual relations, including the elevation of governmental ties, mediation, interpersonal encounters, business opportunities, information sharing, and renewable technologies, in addition to collaboration in the fields of trade, industry, and the military.

Acknowledgement

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This paper is only for academic purposes and for readers.

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