CLIMATE CHANGE AS A NONTRADITIONAL SECURITY THREAT ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTANS ECONOMY

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01      10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01      Published : Sep 2022
Authored by : Abdul waheed , MuhammadRizwan , MuhammadUmar

01 Pages : 1-10

References

  • Aamir, A. (2019, September 29). Quetta’s Water Shortage Problem. The News. http://tns.thenews.com.pk/slowly-running-water/
  • Abubakar, S. M. (2020, January 16). Pakistan 5th Most Vulnerable Country to Climate Change, Reveals German Watch Report. Daily Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1520402
  • Ahmad, N. (2015, March). “Economic Losses from Disasters” (Leadership for Environment and Development). Pakistan http://www.lead.org.pk/lead/attachments/briefings/LPNB3.pdf
  • Ahmad, N. A. (2015). Trend Analysis of Precipitation Data in Pakistan. Science International, 27(1), 803-808.
  • Ahmad, S. U. (2010). Task Force on Climate Change,” Report, Planning Commission. Government of Pakistan. http://www.mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/MOC/Publications%20on%20Env%20
  • Ahmed, K., Shahid, S., & Nawaz, N. (2018). Impacts of climate variability and change on seasonal drought characteristics of Pakistan. Atmospheric Research, 214, 364– 374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.020
  • Ali, H., & Sayed, C. S. (2017, August 15). The Perils of Denial: Challenges for a Water-Secure Pakistan,” New Security Beat.
  • Ali, M. S. (2015). Assessment of Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Punjab Province of Pakistan for the Period 1961-2014. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 48(2) , 42-61.
  • Annual Report. (2010). The Human Cost of Floods in Pakistan . (2010). United Nation Pakistan 2010. http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/UNICEF_Pakistan_2010_Annual_Report.pdf
  • Archer, D. R., & Fowler, H. J. (2006). Conflicting Signals of Climatic Change in the Upper Indus Basin. Journal of Climate, 19(17), 4276–4293 https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3860.1
  • Asian Development Bank. (2017). Climate Change Profile of Pakistan’. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
  • Baig, S., & Rehman, S. U. (2017). Water Consumption Patterns and Waterborne Diseases in Slums of Karachi. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p37
  • Bailey, J. (2005). Nontraditional Security Threats in the U.S.-Mexico Bilateral Relationship: Overview and Recommendations. Georgetown University, 2-3.
  • Barnett, J., Graham, S., Mortreux, C., Fincher, R., Waters, E., & Hurlimann, A. (2014). A local coastal adaptation pathway. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2383
  • Bennett, K. A. (2017). Global Report on Internal Displacement’. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).
  • Boone, C. G. (2008). Environmental Justice as Process and New Avenues for Research. Environmental Justice, 1(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0530
  • Câmpeanu, C. N., & Fazey, I. (2014). Adaptation and pathways of change and response: A case study from Eastern Europe. Global Environmental Change, 28, 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.010
  • Chaudhry, Q. U. (2017). Climate Change Profile of Pakistan. Asian Deveopment Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/357876/climate-change-profile-pakistan.pdf.
  • Church, J. A. (2013). Sea level change. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Climate Change. (2014): Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ,115.
  • Climate-Smart Agriculture in Pakistan. (2017). CSA Country Profiles for Asia Series. Inter- national Center for Tropical Agriculture. Washington, D.C. The World Bank
  • Cradock-Henry, N. A., Blackett, P., Hall, M., Johnstone, P., Teixeira, E., & Wreford, A. (2020). Climate adaptation pathways for agriculture: Insights from a participatory process. Environmental Science &Amp; Policy, 107, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.020
  • Daily Dawn. (2018, March 29). Water Shortage of 31m Acre Feet Expected by 2025. https://www.dawn.com/news/1398099
  • Davidson, D. (2018). Davidson, D. J. (2018). Rethinking Adaptation: Emotions, Evolution, and Climate Change. Nature and Culture, 13(3), 378–402. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26888037
  • Ebrahim, Z. T. (2018, March 30). Is Pakistan Running Out of Fresh Water? Daily Dawn.
  • Economic Survey. (2017-18). People Living below Poverty Line Plunge to 24. 3pc. Profit by Pakistan Today (blog). (2018, April 26). https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/26/pakistans-percentage-of-people-living-below-poverty-line-falls-to-24-3-percent-economic-survey-2018/
  • Express Tribune. (2017, October 14). Pakistan Needs to Control Water Demand-supply Gap.
  • Fahad, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Climate change, vulnerability, and its impacts in rural Pakistan: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2), 1334–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06878-1
  • Government of Pakistan. (2018). Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19,”. Ministry of Finance,. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1819.html
  • Haq, M. U. (1995). Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Hashim, N. H. (2012). A critical analysis of 2010 floods in Pakistan. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEEARCH, 7(7). 1054- 1067. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajarx11.036
  • Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G., & Guo, R. (2015). Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2837
  • Ijaz, A., Deshan, T. T., Wang, M., & Wang. (2015). Precipitation Trends over Time Using Mann–Kendall and Spearman’s rho Tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan. Advances in Meteorology. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ame te/2015/431860/
  • ILO. (2017). Pakistan Employment and Environmental Sustainability Fact Sheets. https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_625958.pdf
  • Kicinger, A. (2004, Feburary). International migration as a non-traditional security threat and the EU responses to this phenomenon. Warsaw: Central European Forum for Migration Research.
  • Kumar, S. K. (2012). Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India. Current Science, 102(1), 37–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24080385
  • Lee, R. C. (January 2017). Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Economic Growth in Developing Asia. Asian Deveopment Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/222066/ewp-507.pdff.
  • Malik, M. S. (2019). Disease Status of Afghan Refugees and Migrants in Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health 7.
  • Meybeck, J. L. (2012). Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector. Proceeddings of a joint FAO/OECD Workshop. Roam: FAO.
  • NASA Climate Change. (N.D).The Consequences of Climate Change,” Report,. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
  • National Climate Change Policy. (2012). Ministry of Climate Change.
  • Qamar. Z., Ghulam, R. A., Kamal, M., & Ahmad, M. (2015). A Technical Report on Karachi Heatwave Event. Ministry of Climate Change. Govt of Pakistan
  • Rasul, M. Z. (2011). Frequency of Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Events in Pakistan 1965–2009. Science International, 23(4), 313-319.
  • Report. UNEP-GRID. (2015). The Indus River Basin,” http://www.grida.no/resources/6692
  • Roberts, R. (2017, September 15). Pakistan Could Face Mass Droughts by 2025 as Water Level Nears Absolute Scarcity. Independent.
  • Rucktäschel, K. (2018). Non-Traditional Security Issues and the Danger Not to See the Forest for the Trees: A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Environmental Security. European Journal for Security Research, 3(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-017-0022-8
  • Salma, S. R. S. (2012). Rainfall Trends in Different Climate Zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology 9(17), 37– 47.
  • Save the Children. (2011). Psychological Assessment Report: Psychological Problems and Needs of Children in Flood Affected. http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/Psychological_AssessmentReport_1.pdf
  • Sirajuddin, I. A., Umar. B., & Ghalib. N. (2022, August 29). Floods threats lingered in KP. Daily Dawn.
  • Sustaining forests. (2002). A World Bank strategy. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFORESTS/2145731113990657527/20632625/Forest_Strategy_Booklet.pdf
  • Syvitski, J. P. M., Kettner, A. J., Overeem, I., Hutton, E. W. H., Hannon, M. T., Brakenridge, G. R., Day, J., Vörösmarty, C., Saito, Y., Giosan, L., & Nicholls, R. J. (2009). Sinking deltas due to human activities. Nature Geoscience, 2(10), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo629
  • Tayyab. M. (2014). Climate Change and Health: A Case Study of Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Islamabad. Pakistan.
  • Toppa, S. (2016, June 28). Dry dams, Leaky Pipes and Tanker Mafias – Karachi's Water Crisis. Guardian.
  • Ueda, H., Iwai, A., Kuwako, K., & Hori, M. E. (2006). Impact of anthropogenic forcing on the Asian summer monsoon as simulated by eight GCMs. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025336
  • UN Habitat. (2014). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment’. Cities and Climate Change Series. . Islamabad, Pakistan: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Islamabad%2C%20Pakistan%20-%20Climate%20Change%20Vulnerability%20Assessment.pdf
  • UNDP. (2016). The Vulnerability of Pakistan’s Water Sector to the Impacts of Climate Change.
  • Wheeler, T. (2015). Climate change impacts on food systems and implications for climate- compatible food policies, In: Climate change and food systems: global assessments and implications for food security and trade. Rome: Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • Yu. Winston, Yang. Yi-Chen, Savitsky. Andre, Donald Alford, Brown. Casey, James Wescoat, Debowicz. Dario, & Robinson. Sherman. (2013). In the Indus Basin of Pakistan: The Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture,” Report . The World Bank .
  • Aamir, A. (2019, September 29). Quetta’s Water Shortage Problem. The News. http://tns.thenews.com.pk/slowly-running-water/
  • Abubakar, S. M. (2020, January 16). Pakistan 5th Most Vulnerable Country to Climate Change, Reveals German Watch Report. Daily Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1520402
  • Ahmad, N. (2015, March). “Economic Losses from Disasters” (Leadership for Environment and Development). Pakistan http://www.lead.org.pk/lead/attachments/briefings/LPNB3.pdf
  • Ahmad, N. A. (2015). Trend Analysis of Precipitation Data in Pakistan. Science International, 27(1), 803-808.
  • Ahmad, S. U. (2010). Task Force on Climate Change,” Report, Planning Commission. Government of Pakistan. http://www.mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/MOC/Publications%20on%20Env%20
  • Ahmed, K., Shahid, S., & Nawaz, N. (2018). Impacts of climate variability and change on seasonal drought characteristics of Pakistan. Atmospheric Research, 214, 364– 374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.020
  • Ali, H., & Sayed, C. S. (2017, August 15). The Perils of Denial: Challenges for a Water-Secure Pakistan,” New Security Beat.
  • Ali, M. S. (2015). Assessment of Temperature and Rainfall Trends in Punjab Province of Pakistan for the Period 1961-2014. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 48(2) , 42-61.
  • Annual Report. (2010). The Human Cost of Floods in Pakistan . (2010). United Nation Pakistan 2010. http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/UNICEF_Pakistan_2010_Annual_Report.pdf
  • Archer, D. R., & Fowler, H. J. (2006). Conflicting Signals of Climatic Change in the Upper Indus Basin. Journal of Climate, 19(17), 4276–4293 https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3860.1
  • Asian Development Bank. (2017). Climate Change Profile of Pakistan’. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
  • Baig, S., & Rehman, S. U. (2017). Water Consumption Patterns and Waterborne Diseases in Slums of Karachi. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p37
  • Bailey, J. (2005). Nontraditional Security Threats in the U.S.-Mexico Bilateral Relationship: Overview and Recommendations. Georgetown University, 2-3.
  • Barnett, J., Graham, S., Mortreux, C., Fincher, R., Waters, E., & Hurlimann, A. (2014). A local coastal adaptation pathway. Nature Climate Change, 4(12), 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2383
  • Bennett, K. A. (2017). Global Report on Internal Displacement’. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).
  • Boone, C. G. (2008). Environmental Justice as Process and New Avenues for Research. Environmental Justice, 1(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2008.0530
  • Câmpeanu, C. N., & Fazey, I. (2014). Adaptation and pathways of change and response: A case study from Eastern Europe. Global Environmental Change, 28, 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.010
  • Chaudhry, Q. U. (2017). Climate Change Profile of Pakistan. Asian Deveopment Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/357876/climate-change-profile-pakistan.pdf.
  • Church, J. A. (2013). Sea level change. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Climate Change. (2014): Synthesis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ,115.
  • Climate-Smart Agriculture in Pakistan. (2017). CSA Country Profiles for Asia Series. Inter- national Center for Tropical Agriculture. Washington, D.C. The World Bank
  • Cradock-Henry, N. A., Blackett, P., Hall, M., Johnstone, P., Teixeira, E., & Wreford, A. (2020). Climate adaptation pathways for agriculture: Insights from a participatory process. Environmental Science &Amp; Policy, 107, 66–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.020
  • Daily Dawn. (2018, March 29). Water Shortage of 31m Acre Feet Expected by 2025. https://www.dawn.com/news/1398099
  • Davidson, D. (2018). Davidson, D. J. (2018). Rethinking Adaptation: Emotions, Evolution, and Climate Change. Nature and Culture, 13(3), 378–402. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26888037
  • Ebrahim, Z. T. (2018, March 30). Is Pakistan Running Out of Fresh Water? Daily Dawn.
  • Economic Survey. (2017-18). People Living below Poverty Line Plunge to 24. 3pc. Profit by Pakistan Today (blog). (2018, April 26). https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/26/pakistans-percentage-of-people-living-below-poverty-line-falls-to-24-3-percent-economic-survey-2018/
  • Express Tribune. (2017, October 14). Pakistan Needs to Control Water Demand-supply Gap.
  • Fahad, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Climate change, vulnerability, and its impacts in rural Pakistan: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2), 1334–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06878-1
  • Government of Pakistan. (2018). Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19,”. Ministry of Finance,. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey_1819.html
  • Haq, M. U. (1995). Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Hashim, N. H. (2012). A critical analysis of 2010 floods in Pakistan. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEEARCH, 7(7). 1054- 1067. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajarx11.036
  • Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G., & Guo, R. (2015). Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2837
  • Ijaz, A., Deshan, T. T., Wang, M., & Wang. (2015). Precipitation Trends over Time Using Mann–Kendall and Spearman’s rho Tests in Swat River Basin, Pakistan. Advances in Meteorology. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ame te/2015/431860/
  • ILO. (2017). Pakistan Employment and Environmental Sustainability Fact Sheets. https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_625958.pdf
  • Kicinger, A. (2004, Feburary). International migration as a non-traditional security threat and the EU responses to this phenomenon. Warsaw: Central European Forum for Migration Research.
  • Kumar, S. K. (2012). Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India. Current Science, 102(1), 37–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24080385
  • Lee, R. C. (January 2017). Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Economic Growth in Developing Asia. Asian Deveopment Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/222066/ewp-507.pdff.
  • Malik, M. S. (2019). Disease Status of Afghan Refugees and Migrants in Pakistan. Frontiers in Public Health 7.
  • Meybeck, J. L. (2012). Building resilience for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector. Proceeddings of a joint FAO/OECD Workshop. Roam: FAO.
  • NASA Climate Change. (N.D).The Consequences of Climate Change,” Report,. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
  • National Climate Change Policy. (2012). Ministry of Climate Change.
  • Qamar. Z., Ghulam, R. A., Kamal, M., & Ahmad, M. (2015). A Technical Report on Karachi Heatwave Event. Ministry of Climate Change. Govt of Pakistan
  • Rasul, M. Z. (2011). Frequency of Extreme Temperature and Precipitation Events in Pakistan 1965–2009. Science International, 23(4), 313-319.
  • Report. UNEP-GRID. (2015). The Indus River Basin,” http://www.grida.no/resources/6692
  • Roberts, R. (2017, September 15). Pakistan Could Face Mass Droughts by 2025 as Water Level Nears Absolute Scarcity. Independent.
  • Rucktäschel, K. (2018). Non-Traditional Security Issues and the Danger Not to See the Forest for the Trees: A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Environmental Security. European Journal for Security Research, 3(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41125-017-0022-8
  • Salma, S. R. S. (2012). Rainfall Trends in Different Climate Zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology 9(17), 37– 47.
  • Save the Children. (2011). Psychological Assessment Report: Psychological Problems and Needs of Children in Flood Affected. http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/Psychological_AssessmentReport_1.pdf
  • Sirajuddin, I. A., Umar. B., & Ghalib. N. (2022, August 29). Floods threats lingered in KP. Daily Dawn.
  • Sustaining forests. (2002). A World Bank strategy. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFORESTS/2145731113990657527/20632625/Forest_Strategy_Booklet.pdf
  • Syvitski, J. P. M., Kettner, A. J., Overeem, I., Hutton, E. W. H., Hannon, M. T., Brakenridge, G. R., Day, J., Vörösmarty, C., Saito, Y., Giosan, L., & Nicholls, R. J. (2009). Sinking deltas due to human activities. Nature Geoscience, 2(10), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo629
  • Tayyab. M. (2014). Climate Change and Health: A Case Study of Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Islamabad. Pakistan.
  • Toppa, S. (2016, June 28). Dry dams, Leaky Pipes and Tanker Mafias – Karachi's Water Crisis. Guardian.
  • Ueda, H., Iwai, A., Kuwako, K., & Hori, M. E. (2006). Impact of anthropogenic forcing on the Asian summer monsoon as simulated by eight GCMs. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025336
  • UN Habitat. (2014). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment’. Cities and Climate Change Series. . Islamabad, Pakistan: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Islamabad%2C%20Pakistan%20-%20Climate%20Change%20Vulnerability%20Assessment.pdf
  • UNDP. (2016). The Vulnerability of Pakistan’s Water Sector to the Impacts of Climate Change.
  • Wheeler, T. (2015). Climate change impacts on food systems and implications for climate- compatible food policies, In: Climate change and food systems: global assessments and implications for food security and trade. Rome: Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
  • Yu. Winston, Yang. Yi-Chen, Savitsky. Andre, Donald Alford, Brown. Casey, James Wescoat, Debowicz. Dario, & Robinson. Sherman. (2013). In the Indus Basin of Pakistan: The Impacts of Climate Risks on Water and Agriculture,” Report . The World Bank .

Cite this article

    APA : waheed, A., Rizwan, M., & Umar, M. (2022). Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII(III), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01
    CHICAGO : waheed, Abdul, Muhammad Rizwan, and Muhammad Umar. 2022. "Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII (III): 1-10 doi: 10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01
    HARVARD : WAHEED, A., RIZWAN, M. & UMAR, M. 2022. Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy. Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII, 1-10.
    MHRA : waheed, Abdul, Muhammad Rizwan, and Muhammad Umar. 2022. "Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII: 1-10
    MLA : waheed, Abdul, Muhammad Rizwan, and Muhammad Umar. "Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII.III (2022): 1-10 Print.
    OXFORD : waheed, Abdul, Rizwan, Muhammad, and Umar, Muhammad (2022), "Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy", Global Strategic & Security Studies Review, VII (III), 1-10
    TURABIAN : waheed, Abdul, Muhammad Rizwan, and Muhammad Umar. "Climate Change As A Non-Traditional Security Threat: Its Implications For Pakistan's Economy." Global Strategic & Security Studies Review VII, no. III (2022): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(VII-III).01